Latin Skills by StrengthCrownsNameOriginal Order

• ••• 41 Banquet162 @ 100% 0

  auroram · bibere · caffea · caffeam · casei · caseo · caseus · comedere · comedis · esurimus · esuriunt · exhaurio · exhaurit · farta · fartus · ientaculum · nimis · olet · pane · perna · pernam · semisomna · semisomnus · sine dubio · stultae · stulti · stultus · tam · valde
  29 words

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  perna	ham	1st, fem.	pern-
  caseus	cheese	2nd, masc.	case-
  panis	bread	3rd, masc.	pan-
  fartus	stuffed	-us, -a, -um	fart-
  esurio	I am hungry	(esurire, 4th)	esuri-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  oleo	I smell (of)	(olere, 2nd)	ole-
  comedo	I eat	(comedere, 3rd)	comed-
  nimis	too much
  sine dubio	without a doubt
  tam	so
  valde	greatly

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  aurora	dawn	1st, fem.	auror-
  caffea	coffee	1st, fem.	caffe-
  ientaculum	breakfast	2nd, neut.	ientacul-
  semisomnus	half-asleep	-us, -a, -um	semisomn-
  stultus	stupid	-us, -a, -um	stult-
  bibo	I drink	(bibere, 3rd)	bib-
  exhaurio	I drain	(exhaurire, 4th)	exhauri-

• ••• 41 Nature161 @ 100% 0

  animalia · arbore · arborem · arbores · ascendere · ascendit · ascenditis · ascendunt · caelo · caelum · de · delemus · delent · deleo · delere · deles · delet · descendere · descendimus · descendit · descenditis · descendo · descendunt · exeunt · exire · exit · fluere · fluit · flumen · flumina · fluunt · forte · hominem · homines · homo · igne · ignem · ignes · imber · languide · monte · montem · per · perflant · perflat · pessima · pessimus · pons · ponte · pontem · pontes · rapide · silva · silvam · silvas · umbra · umbram · vehementer · venti · vento · ventus
  61 words

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  animal	animal	3rd, neut.	animal-
  ignis	fire	3rd, masc.	ign-
  pons	bridge	3rd, masc.	pont-
  pessimus	worst	-us, -a, -um	pessim-
  deleo	I destroy	(delere, 2nd)	dele-
  forte	by chance	adverb
  rapide	rapidly	adverb

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  arbor	tree	3rd, fem.	arbor-
  flumen	river	3rd, neut.	flumin-
  homo	human	3rd, masc.	homin-
  ascendo	I climb, I rise	(ascendere, 3rd)	ascend-
  fluo	I flow	(fluere, 3rd)	flu-
  languide	sluggishly	adverb

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  caelum	sky	2nd, neut.	cael-
  ventus	wind	2nd, masc.	vent-
  perflo	I blow through	(perflare, 1st)	perfla-
  exeo	I exit	(exire, ~ ire)
  vehementer	violently	adverb
  per	through	+ accusative

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  silva	forest	1st, fem.	silv-
  umbra	shadow	1st, fem.	umbr-
  imber	rain	3rd, masc.	imbr-
  mons	mountain	3rd, masc.	mont-
  descendo	I descend	(descendere, 3rd)	descend-
  de	from	+ ablative

• ••• 41 Hobbies151 @ 100% 0

  ambulare · antiquam · antiquas · antiqui · cantamus · cantant · cantare · cantas · cantat · cantatis · celeriter · colligere · colligimus · colligit · colligitis · colligo · colligunt · currere · currimus · curris · currit · curritis · curro · currunt · fabulam · fabulas · ire · lente · mores · mos · narrant · narrare · narras · narrat · narro · natant · natare · natas · natat · nato · pingere · piscina · piscinae · piscinam · platea · plateae · pupa · pupae · pupas · saepe · saltant · saltare · saltat · saltatis · soleo · solet · suaviter · vis · volo · vultis
  60 words

  Adverbs ending in -iter

  While first and second declension adjectives get the ending -e to form an adverb, third declension adjectives get -iter

  Adjective	Adverb
  suavis, -is, -e	suaviter
  celeris, -is, -e	celeriter

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1 & 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  pupa	doll	1st, fem.	pup-
  ambulo	I walk	(ambulare, 1st)	ambula-
  canto	I sing	(cantare, 1st)	canta-
  salto	I dance	(saltare, 1st)	salta-
  soleo	I am accustomed to	(solere, 2nd)	sole-
  colligo	I collect	(colligere, 3rd)	collig-
  pingo	I paint	(pingere, 3rd)	ping-
  saepe	often	adverb
  suaviter	softly	adverb

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3 & 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  fabula	story	1st, fem.	fabul-
  piscina	pond, pool	1st, fem.	piscin-
  platea	courtyard	1st, fem.	plate-
  mos	custom	3rd, masc.	mor-
  antiquus	ancient	-us, -a, -um	antiqu-
  narro	I tell	(narrare, 1st)	narra-
  nato	I swim	(natare, 1st)	nata-
  curro	I run	(currere, 3rd)	curr-
  ire	to go	(irregular)
  celeriter	quickly, fast	adverb
  lente	slowly	adverb

• ••• 41 Activities142 @ 100% 0

  aqua · balnea · balneo · balneum · callida · callidam · callidas · callidi · callidum · callidus · donum · implemus · implent · impleo · implere · imples · implet · impletis · labro · labrum · lavamus · lavare · lavas · lavatis · lavo · possum · possumus · possunt · potes · potesne · potest · sacerdos · sacerdotem · sacerdotes · sacrificare · sedere · tradere
  37 words

  Posse

  Posse (can) is an irregular verb. The present tense resembles the present forms of esse (to be), but with the prefix pot- (or pos- before an -s-).

  ESSE	POSSE	English (posse)
  sum	possum	I can
  es	potes	you can
  est	potest	he/she can
  sumus	possumus	we can
  estis	potestis	you (pl.) can
  sunt	possunt	they can

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  aqua	water	1st, fem.	aqu-
  balneum	bathhouse	2nd, neut.	balne-
  labrum	tub	2nd, neut.	labr-
  donum	gift	2nd, neut.	don-
  sacerdos	priest	3rd, masc.	sacerdot-
  callidus	clever	-us, -a, -um	callid-
  lavo	I wash	(lavare, 1st)	lava-
  impleo	I fill	(implere, 2nd)	imple-
  possum	I can	(posse, irregular)	pot-

• ••• 41 Shopping141 @ 100% 0

  aestimamus · aestimant · aestimare · aestimas · aestimat · aestimatis · anuli · anulos · anulum · anulus · aurea · aurei · aureos · calcei · calceos · candida · candidae · candidam · candidas · candidus · celamus · celant · celas · celat · celo · concupiscit · concupisco · concupiscunt · emere · emptor · emptores · fur · furem · fures · gemmas · nova · novae · novam · novas · novus · pretia · pretium · stola · stolam · stolas · sub · toga · togae · togam · togas · tradimus · trado · tradunt · tuas · tuum · tuus · vendere · vult
  58 words

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  gemma	gem	1st, fem.	gemm-
  anulus	ring	2nd, masc.	anul-
  fur	thief	3rd, masc.	fur-
  aureus	golden	-us, -a, -um	aure-
  tuus	your	-us, -a, -um	tu-
  concupisco	I am greedy for	(concupiscere, 3rd)	concupisc-
  trado	I hand over	(tradere, 3rd)	trad-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  stola	dress	1st, fem.	stol-
  toga	toga	1st, fem.	tog-
  candidus	white	-us, -a, -um	candid-
  novus	new	-us, -a, -um	nov-
  celo	I hide	(celare, 1st)	cela-
  sub	under	+ ablative

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  calceus	shoe	2nd, masc.	calce-
  pretium	price	2nd, neut.	preti-
  emptor	buyer, customer	3rd, masc.	emptor-
  aestimo	I estimate	(aestimare, 1st)	aestima-
  emo	I buy	(emere, 3rd)	em-
  vendo	I sell	(vendere, 3rd)	vend-
  vult	(he/she) wants	(velle, irregular)

• ••• 41 Gods and goddesses131 @ 100% 0

  appropinquare · appropinquat · bacchum · bacchus · bellum · bubo · contorquent · contorquere · contorquet · deas · dei · deos · fulmen · gerit · gerunt · hastam · hastas · hostem · hostes · hostis · itinera · iuppiter · mars · mercurius · minerva · nemo · neptunum · neptunus · noli · nolite · regis · regit · rego · rogant · rogare · rogat · sapiens · sapientes · scutum · undam · undas · videmus · vides · videt
  44 words

  Gods and Goddesses

  The Roman Gods and Godesses form the center of Roman mythology. It is difficult to downsize the many beautiful stories and poems about these deities, so we wholeheartedly recommend you to look up these Gods and their stories if you haven't heard about them!

  The Romans had many, many deities. The table below shows only a sample of the abundance of gods, but these are some of the best-known and most important ones.

  Roman god	Greek counterpart	God(dess) of ...
  Iuppiter	Zeus	thunder and lightning, king of the gods
  Neptunus	Poseidon	the sea
  Bacchus	Dionysos	wine
  Minerva	Athena	wisdom
  Mars	Ares	war
  Mercurius	Hermes	messengers, thieves, winged sandals
  Pluto	Hades	the underworld
  Iuno	Hera	marriage, wife of Iuppiter
  Ceres	Demeter	harvests, fertility of the Earth
  Venus	Aphrodite	love, beauty
  Diana	Artemis	the hunt, wilderness, the moon
  Apollo	Apollo	art, music, medicine

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  unda	wave	1st, fem.	und-
  Bacchus	Bacchus	2nd, masc.	Bacch-
  Neptunus	Neptunus	2nd, masc.	Neptun-
  bubo	owl	3rd, masc.	bubon-
  video	I see	(videre, 2nd)	vide-
  rego	I reign	(regere, 3rd)	reg-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  Minerva	Minerva	1st, fem.	Minerv-
  dea	goddess	1st, fem.	de-
  deus	god	2nd, masc.	de-
  bellum	war	2nd, neut.	bell-
  scutum	shield	2nd, neut.	scut-
  hostis	enemy	3rd, masc.	host-
  Mars	Mars	3rd, masc.	Mart-
  sapiens	wise	-ns, -ns, -ns	sapient-
  gero	I wear	(gerere, 3rd)	ger-
  bellum gero	I wage war	(gerere, 3rd)	ger-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  hasta	spear	1st, fem.	hast-
  Mercurius	Mercurius	2nd, masc.	Mercuri-
  fulmen	thunderbolt	3rd, masc.	fulmin-
  Iuppiter	Jupiter	3rd, masc.	Iov-
  iter	journey, trip	3rd, neut.	itiner-
  contorquo	I hurl	(contorquere, 3rd)	contorqu-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  nemo	nobody	3rd, masc./fem.	nemin-
  appropinquo	I approach	(appropinquare, 1st)	appropinqua-
  rogo	I ask	(rogare, 1st)	roga-
  noli(te)	don't ...	+ infinitive

• ••• 41 Home122 @ 100% 0

  ambulamus · ambulant · ambulat · ambulatis · ambulo · armario · atrio · atrium · aut · canis · captamus · captat · capto · cenaculo · coquere · cubicula · cubiculum · culinas · dormire · haec · hic · insula · insulas · larario · lararium · latrina · latrinae · latrinas · matres · meo · meos · meus · murem · mures · mus · mustela · mustelae · patres · sedent · sedes · sedet · sedetis · sella · sellae · sellas · solent · sordida · sordidae · sordidas · sordidum · stercus · tablino · tablinum · vestimenta · vestimentum · viae · viam · vias · villa
  59 words

  This

  The Latin word for "this", hic, has its own irregular declension. For now, just remember the nominative singular forms:

  	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
  Nom.	hic	haec	hoc

  ---

  Infinitive + Solere

  In sentences with the verb soleo (solere, 2nd conj.), you will usually see an infinitive (verbs ending in -re, "to ..." in English). Soleo means "I am used to" or "I am accustomed to".

  Example: In lecto dormire soleo., which literally means "I am accustomed to sleeping in a bed." or, more fluently, "I usually sleep in a bed."

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  sella	chair	1st, fem.	sell-
  villa	house, villa	1st, fem.	vill-
  lararium	household shrine	2nd, neut.	larari-
  tablinum	office, study	2nd, neut.	tablin-
  ambulo	I walk	(ambulare, 1st)	ambula-
  sedeo	I sit	(sedere, 2nd)	sede-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  insula	apartment building; island	1st, fem.	insul-
  latrina	latrine, toilet	1st, fem.	latrin-
  via	street, road	1st, fem.	vi-
  cenaculum	dining room	2nd, neut.	cenacul-
  cubiculum	bedroom	2nd, neut.	cubicul-
  sordidus	dirty	-us, -a, -um	sordid-
  aut	or

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  culina	kitchen	1st, fem.	culin-
  mustela	weasel	1st, fem.	mustel-
  canis	dog	3rd, masc.	can-
  mus	mouse	3rd, masc.	mur-
  capto	I try to grab	(captare, 1st)	capta-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  armarium	closet	2nd, neut.	armari-
  atrium	atrium, central room	2nd, neut.	atri-
  vestimentum	piece of clothing	2nd, neut.	vestiment-
  soleo	I am accostumed to	(solere, 2nd) + inf.	sole-
  coquo	I cook	(coquere, 3rd)	coqu-

• ••• 41 Language121 @ 100% 0

  anglice · bibliotheca · bibliothecam · colloquium · exclamant · exclamas · exclamatis · germanice · habent · hispanice · inscriptio · inscriptionem · inscriptiones · invenire · inveniunt · laudat · legere · loqueris · loquimini · loquimur · loquitur · loquor · loquuntur · mittimus · mittit · mittitis · mittunt · orator · oratorem · oratores · proxima · semper · tacite · turba · turbae · verba · verbum · volumen · volumina · volumus · volunt
  41 words

  Passive and Deponent Verbs (3rd conj.)

  Deponent verbs are verbs that are passive in form, but active in meaning. Passive verb endings differ from their active counterparts. In this skill you will encounter the deponent verb loqui. Loqui follows the third conjugation.

  LOQUI	To Speak
  loqu-or	I speak
  loqu-e-ris	You speak
  loqu-i-tur	He/She speaks
  loqu-i-mur	We speak
  loqu-i-mini	You (pl.) speak
  loqu-u-ntur	They speak

  Passive verbs of the third conjugation follow the same pattern. (Note: most forms of "legi" aren't the most useful, but you can apply this pattern to other 3rd conj. verbs.)

  LEG-ERE	to read	LEG-I	to be read
  leg-o	I read	leg-or	I am read
  leg-i-s	you read	leg-e-ris	you are read
  leg-i-t	he/she reads	leg-i-tur	it/he/she is read
  leg-i-mus	we read	leg-i-mur	we are read
  leg-i-tis	you (pl.) read	leg-i-mini	you (pl.) are read
  leg-u-nt	they read	leg-u-ntur	they are read

  ---

  Adverbs of manner

  In English, you can recognize many adverbs by the ending -ly. What is the adverb in the following sentence?

  "We speak quietly in the library."

  This adverb is derived from the adjective quiet. Adjectives give us more information about a noun or a pronoun, while adverbs modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. "Quietly" is the answer to the question "How do we speak?", and modifies the verb speak.

  Adverbs derived from adjectives following the -us, -a, -um pattern get the ending -e.

  Adjective	Adverb
  tacitus, -a, -um	tacite
  novus, -a, -um	nove
  longus, -a, -um	longe

  Exception: bonus (good) becomes bene (well)! You learned this word in the Greetings skill. (Livia se bene habet. = Livia feels well.)

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  colloquium	conversation	2nd, neut.	colloqui-
  orator	orator, speaker	3rd, masc.	orator-
  exclamo	I exclaim, shout	(exclamare, 1st conj.)	exclama-
  loquor	I speak	(loqui, 3rd conj.)	loqu-
  in colloquium venio	I have a conversation	(venire, 4th conj.)	veni-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  bibliotheca	library	1st, fem.	bibliothec-
  volumen	scroll, book	3rd, neut.	volumin-
  mitto	I send	(mittere, 3rd conj.)	mitt-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  turba	crowd	1st, fem.	turb-
  verbum	word	2nd, neut.	verb-
  volo	to want	(velle, irr.)	vol-
  Anglice	in English	adverb
  Hispanice	in Spanish	adverb
  semper	always	adverb

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  inscriptio	inscription	3rd, fem.	inscription-
  proximus	nearest, next	-us, -a, -um	proxim-
  laudo	I praise	(laudare, 1st conj.)	lauda-
  invenio	I find	(invenire, 4th conj.)	inveni-
  Germanice	in German	adverb
  tacite	quietly	adverb

• ••• 41 Time113 @ 100% 0

  advenimus · advenis · advenit · advenitis · adveniunt · ante · excitamus · excitant · excitat · excitatis · excito · hora · horae · horam · horologium · interdiu · interficimus · interficis · interficit · interficitis · interficiunt · mane · meridiem · meridies · noctu · post · prima · primam · quartam · quintam · quintus · secunda · secundam · sero · tempori · tertia · tertiam · tertius · vesperi
  39 words

  Ordinal Numbers

  Latin ordinals follow the -us, -a, -um declension.

  Latin	English
  primus	first
  secundus	second
  tertius	third
  quartus	fourth
  quintus	fifth
  sextus	sixth
  septimus	seventh
  octavus	eighth
  nonus	ninth
  decimus	tenth

  ---

  Time

  For us, an hour is always sixty minutes. For Romans, an hour was defined as one twelfth of a day (the time between sunrise and sunset). This means that an hour in winter was much shorter than an hour in summer.

  While our starting point is at midnight (00:01 AM) or noon (00:01 PM), Romans started counting their hours at sunrise to tell the time. The "prima hora" was the first hour after sunrise.

  ---

  Nouns of the 5th declension

  Nouns of the fifth declension are generally feminine (dies and meridies are exceptions to this rule), and their nominative singular form ends in -es.

  DIES (day)	Singular	Plural
  Nominative	dies	dies
  Accusative	diem	dies
  Ablative	die	diebus

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  hora	hour	1st, fem.	hor-
  primus	first	-us, -a, -um	prim-
  secundus	second	-us, -a, -um	secund-
  tertius	third	-us, -a, -um	terti-
  excito	I wake (someone)	(excitare, 1st)	excita-
  mane	early	adverb
  post	after	+ acc.
  ante	before	+ acc.

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  horologium	clock	2nd, neut.	horologi-
  meridies	noon	5th, masc.	meridi-
  quartus	fourth	-us, -a, -um	quart-
  quintus	fifth	-us, -a, -um	quint-
  sero	late	adverb
  vesperi	in the evening	adverb

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  interdiu	during the day	adverb
  noctu	at night	adverb
  tempori	on time	adverb
  advenio	I arrive	(advenire, 4th conj.)	adveni-
  interficio	I kill	(interficere, 3rd conj. -io)	interfici-

• ••• 41 Food111 @ 100% 0

  bibimus · bibis · bibit · bibo · carnes · caro · caupona · cauponae · cauponas · garum · gustamus · gustas · gustat · gustatis · gusto · iacio · iacis · iacit · mensa · mensam · nobis · ossa · patella · patellae · patellam · patellas · pavimento · pavimentum · pavo · pavonem · pavones · pecuniosa · pecuniosus · pinguem · pingues · piscem · pisces · piscis · plurima · plurimae · plurimi · plurimos · pocula · poculo · poculum · salsos · salsum · salsus · triclinia · triclinio · triclinium · vobis
  52 words

  Garum

  Garum was a sauce made from fermented fish intestines, and was widely used in the Classical Roman cuisine.

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  pavimentum	floor	2nd, neut.	paviment-
  piscis	fish	3rd, masc.	pisc-
  plurimus	very many	-us, -a, -um	plurim-
  pinguis	fat	-is, -is, -e	pingu-
  iacio	I throw	(iacere, 3rd conj. -io)	iaci-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  mensa	table	1st, fem.	mens-
  garum	garum, fish sauce	2nd, neut.	gar-
  triclinium	dining room	2nd, neut.	triclini-
  peconiosus	rich	-us, -a, -um	peconios-
  salsus	salty	-us, -a, -um	sals-
  gusto	I taste	(gustare, 1st conj.)	gusta-

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  caupona	inn	1st, fem.	caupon-
  caro	meat	3rd, fem.	carn-
  os	bone	3rd, neut.	oss-
  nobis	to us	dative of nos
  vobis	to you (pl.)	dative of vos

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  patella	plate	1st, fem.	patell-
  ovum	egg	2nd, neut.	ov-
  poculum	cup	2nd, neut.	pocul-
  pavo	peacock	3rd, masc.	pavon-
  bibo	I drink	(bibere, 3rd conj.)	bib-

• ••• 41 Emotions103 @ 100% 0

  comes · comitem · comites · contubernales · contubernalis · ebria · ebrias · fessae · fessi · fessus · fortasse · ignavae · ignavum · ignavus · impiae · impii · impios · impius · interdum · irata · irati · irato · iratos · iratus · iuvenes · iuvenis · laeti · laetum · laetus · miser · miseri · miserum · negotiosa · negotiosae · negotiosas · negotiosos · otiosae · otiosi · otiosus · perfida · perfidas · perfidos · perfidum · perfidus · periti · placidae · placidas · placidos · placidus · psittaci · psittaco · psittacos · psittacum · psittacus · pulsant · pulsas · pulsatis · scio · scitis · sciunt · senem · senes · sententiae · sententiam · sententias · socium · sollicitae · solliciti · sollicitus · tacita · tacitae · tacitus · vester · vestri · vestrum
  75 words

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  senex	old man	3rd, masc.	sen-
  vester	your (pl.)	vester, vestra, vestrum	vestr-
  fessus	tired	-us, -a, -um	fess-
  sollicitus	worried	-us, -a, -um	sollicit-
  ebrius	drunk	-us, -a, -um	ebri-
  laetus	happy	-us, -a, -um	laet-
  miser	unhappy	miser, misera, miserum	miser-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  psittacus	parrot	2nd, masc.	psittac-
  iuvenis	young man	3rd, masc.	iuven-
  iratus	angry	-us, -a, -um	irat-
  ignavus	lazy	-us, -a, -um	ignav-
  otiosus	leisurely	-us, -a, -um	otios-
  negotiosus	busy	-us, -a, -um	negotios-
  pulso	I hit	(pulsare, 1st conj.)	pulsa-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  socius	ally	2nd, masc.	soci-
  comes	comrade	3rd, masc.	comit-
  contubernalis	tent-mate, comrade	3rd, masc.	contubernal-
  tacitus	quiet	-us, -a, -um	tacit-
  placidus	calm	-us, -a, -um	placid-
  perfidus	deceitful	-us, -a, -um	perfid-
  peritus	skilled	-us, -a, -um	perit-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  sententia	opinion	1st, fem.	sententi-
  impius	undutiful	-us, -a, -um	impi-
  scio	I know	(scire, 4th)	sci-
  fortasse	perhaps
  interdum	sometimes

• ••• 41 Parents62 @ 100% 0

  benigna · benignum · benignus · cotidie · eius · eorum · familiares · familiaris · illa · ille · illi · illos · illum · maritum · maritus · matrem · paterfamilias · patrem · pii · pium · pius · quoque · sacrificant · sacrificat · sacrificatis · senilis · sepulchra · sepulchrum · servamus · servant · servat · servo · severam · uxor · uxorem · uxores
  36 words

  Third Declension (Nouns)

  It is time to properly introduce the third declension! You already know quite a few words that follow the third declension. Masculine and feminine nouns follow the same pattern, while neuter nouns are declined differently.

  -	PATER	SOROR	NOMEN
  nom. sg.	pater	soror	nomen
  acc. sg.	patrem	sororem	nomen (=)
  nom. pl.	patres	sorores	nomina
  acc. pl.	patres	sorores	nomina (=)

  A rule of thumb: accusative neuter words are always the same as their nominative equivalent.

  ---

  Third Declension (Adjectives)

  Many adjectives of the third declension end in -is. These adjectives will get (-is, -is, -e) as additional information in the vocabulary lists.

  SINGULAR

  SENILIS	Masculine sg.	Feminine sg.	Neuter sg.
  nominative	senilis	senilis	senile
  accusative	senilem	senilem	senile

  PLURAL

  SENILIS	Masculine pl.	Feminine pl.	Neuter pl.
  nominative	seniles	seniles	senilia
  accusative	seniles	seniles	senilia

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  maritus	husband	2nd, masc.	marit-
  sepulchrum	grave	2nd, neut.	sepulchr-
  paterfamilias	paterfamilias*	3rd, masc.	patr- familias
  uxor	wife	3rd, fem.	uxor-
  familiaris	relative	3rd, masc.	familiar-
  servo	I save, rescue	(servare, 1st conj.)	serva-
  sacrifico	I sacrifice	(sacrificare, 1st conj.)	sacrifica-
  severus	strict	-us, -a, -um	sever-
  benignus	kind	-us, -a, -um	benign-
  pius	dutiful	-us, -a, -um	pi-
  senilis	aged, senile	-is, -is, -e	senil-
  quoque	also
  cotidie	daily

  • The paterfamilias was the head of a Roman household. This was usually the oldest man in the family. "Pater familias" literally means "father of the family".
• ••• 41 Routines101 @ 75% 25

  ara · aram · aras · cena · cenas · cliens · clientes · debent · debeo · debet · dormio · dormis · gladiator · gladiatores · hodie · lecti · lectos · lectus · noster · nostra · optimi · optimum · optimus · paedagogi · paedagogo · paedagogum · patroni · patronum · patronus · placet · placetne · prandia · prandium · pugnare · pulchras · pulchro · pulchrum · sacer · sacros · sacrum · salutationem · salutationes · taberna · tabernae · tabernam · templa · templo · templum · vatem · vates · visitamus · visitare · visitas
  53 words

  Mihi placet

  You use the construction "dative + placet/placent" to say someone likes something in Latin. "Carmen mihi placet." literally means "The poem is pleasing to me.", or "I like the poem.".

  Dative Pronouns	English
  mihi	to me
  tibi	to you
  ei	to him, to her

  Remember that placet needs to be conjugated depending on the subject.

  Latin	am pleasing to	like
  Tibi placeo.	I am pleasing to you.	You like me.
  Ei places.	You are pleasing to him.	He likes you.
  Carmen mihi placet.	The poem is pleasing to me.	I like the poem.
  Carmina mihi placent.	The poems are pleasing to me.	I like the poems.

  ---

  Infinitives

  Conjugation	Stem	Indicative*	Infinitive
  1st	ama-	amo	amare
  2nd	doce-	doceo	docere
  3rd	disc-	disco	discere
  3rd (-io)	faci-	facio	facere
  4th	dormi-	dormio	dormire

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  cena	dinner	1st, fem.	cen-
  lectus	bed	2nd, masc.	lect-
  prandium	lunch	2nd, neut.	prandi-
  placeo	I please	(placere, 2nd conj.)	place-
  mihi placet	I like	+ nom.

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  taberna	shop, tavern	1st, fem.	tabern-
  patronus	patron	2nd, masc.	patron-
  paedagogus	tutor-slave	2nd, masc.	paedagog-
  cliens	client	3rd, masc.	client-
  salutatio	salutation, ceremonial visit	3rd, fem.	salutation-
  dormio	I sleep	(dormire, 4th conj.)	dormi-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  templum	temple	2nd, neut.	templ-
  vates	bard, soothsayer	3rd, masc.	vat-
  pulcher	pretty	pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum	pulchr-
  noster	our	noster, nostra, nostrum	nostr-
  sacer	sacred	sacer, sacra, sacrum	sacr-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  ara	altar	1st, fem.	ar-
  gladiator	gladiator	3rd, masc.	gladiator-
  optimus	the best	-us, -a, -um	optim-
  debeo	I must, have to	(debere, 2nd)	debe-
  pugno	I fight	(pugnare, 1st)	pugna-
  visito	I visit	(visitare, 1st)	visita-
  hodie	today
  interdum	sometimes

• ••• 41 Work92 @ 75% 25

  aedificia · aedificio · aeger · aegra · aegri · aegros · agri · agricolae · agros · architecti · architecto · architectus · carmen · cibi · cibum · construis · construit · construunt · coquitis · coquunt · coquus · emit · epistulas · histrio · histriones · medicam · medicum · medicus · mercator · mercatores · miles · milites · numerant · pictor · pictores · pictura · picturae · picturas · pingis · pingit · pingo · pingunt · pistor · pistores · poeta · portas · portat · professorem · pugnant · pugnatis · pugno · ratiocinatores · sanae · sanamus · sanas · sanum · scaena · scaenae · scaenam · scaenas · tabellarius · theatro · vendit · vendo · vendunt
  65 words

  First Declension (Masculine Nouns)

  Most first declension nouns are feminine, but there are several masculine words! These few words generally refer to male people.

  	AGRICOLA	POETA
  Nom. sg.	agricola	poeta
  Acc. sg.	agricolam	poetam
  Nom. pl.	agricolae	poetae
  Acc. pl.	agricolas	poetas

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 1

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  pecunia	money	1st, fem.	pecuni-
  medica	(female) doctor	1st, fem.	medic-
  medicus	(male) doctor	2nd, masc.	medic-
  professor	professor	3rd, masc.	professor-
  ratiocinator	bookkeeper, accountant	3rd, masc.	ratiocinator-
  numero	I count	(numerare, 1st decl.)	numera-
  sano	I heal	(sanare, 1st conj.)	sana-
  aeger	sick	aeger, aegra, aegrum	aegr-
  sanus	healthy	-us, -a, -um	san-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 2

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  scaena	stage, scene	1st, fem.	scaen-
  agricola	farmer	1st, masc.	agricol-
  ager	field	2nd, masc. (-er)	agr-
  architectus	architect	2nd, masc.	architect-
  aedificium	building	2nd, neut.	aedifici-
  theatrum	theater	2nd, neut.	theatr-
  histrio	actor	3rd, masc.	histrion-
  construo	I construct, I build	(construere, 3st conj.)	constru-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 3

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  epistula	letter (written text)	1st, fem.	epistul-
  pictura	picture	1st, fem.	pictur-
  tabellarius	courier	2nd, masc.	tabellari-
  pictor	painter	3rd, masc.	pictor-
  pistor	baker	3rd, masc.	pistor-
  porto	I carry	(portare, 1st conj.)	porta-
  pingo	I paint	(pingere, 3rd conj.)	ping-
  coquo	I cook	(coquere, 3rd conj.)	coqu-

  ---

  New Vocabulary - Lesson 4

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  poeta	poet	1st, masc.	poet-
  coquus	cook	2nd, masc.	coqu-
  cibus	food	2nd, masc.	cib-
  miles	soldier	3rd, masc.	milit-
  mercator	merchant	3rd, masc.	mercator-
  carmen	poem	3rd, neut.	carmin-
  pugno	I fight	(pugnare, 1st conj.)	pugna-
  emo	I buy	(emere, 3rd conj.)	em-
  vendo	I sell	(vendere, 3rd conj.)	vend

• ••• 41 Plurals42 @ 75% 25

  dormiunt · duae · duo · feminae · filiae · filii · fratres · habitant · meae · mei · multae · puellae · pueri · quattuor · quinque · quot · sorores · student · sunt · suntne · tres · tuae · tui · viri
  24 words

  Plural Nouns

  Nominative plurals:

  Declension	Singular	Plural
  1st	filia	filiae
  2nd (masc.)	filius	filii
  2nd (neut.)	donum	dona
  3rd	soror	sorores
  3rd	frater	fratres

  Note that the stem of 3rd declension nouns can change.

  • words ending in -er generally turn into -r
  • examples are mater -> matres, pater -> patres

  ---

  Plural verbs

  Subject	Esse (to be)	Habitare
  ego	sum	habito
  tu	es	habita-s
  is, ea	est	habita-t
  nos	sumus	habita-mus
  vos	estis	habita-tis
  ii, eae	sunt	habita-nt

  ---

  Second conjugation (-ere, -eo)

  Studere/studeo (to study) is a verb that follows the second conjugation. You can recognize these verbs by the -e- at the end of the verb stem.

  Subject	Studere	Habere (to have)
  ego	stude-o	habe-o
  tu	stude-s	habe-s
  is, ea	stude-t	habe-t
  nos	stude-mus	habe-mus
  vos	stude-tis	habe-tis
  ii, eae	stude-nt	habe-nt

  ---

  Fourth conjugation (-ire, -io)

  Dormire/dormio (to sleep) is a verb that follows the fourth conjugation. You can recognize these verbs by the -i- at the end of the verb stem.

  Subject	Dormire
  ego	dormi-o
  tu	dormi-s
  is, ea	dormi-t
  nos	dormi-mus
  vos	dormi-tis
  ii, eae	dormi-u-nt

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info
  duo	two	duo, duae, duo (plural)
  tres	three	tres, tres, tria (plural)
  quattuor	four	indeclinable
  quinque	five	indeclinable
  quot	how many	indeclinable

• ••• 41 Greetings31 @ 75% 25

  agit · bene · ei · habeo · habes · habet · habitas · habitasne · habito · ita · italia · male · me · mihi · minime · nomen · quid · quomodo · romae · salve · salvete · se · te · tibi · ubi
  25 words

  Salve(te)!

  In Latin, we use salve to greet someone. When you want to say hello to more than one person, you use salvete.

  Ave and avete are more formal greetings.

  ---

  Vocative

  Let's have a look at the following sentence.

  Salvete, Stephane et Marce!

  Stephanus and Marcus are being addressed in this case; you are saying "salvete" to Stephanus and Marcus. Most* masculine words ending in -us (2nd declension) will get the ending -e in this situation. Names ending in -a don't change. (Salve, Livia!)

  This is the vocative case, used for people being addressed.

  • *Words ending in -ius, however, change to -i (not -e)

  When translating vocatives to English, we keep the nominative/normal form.

  ---

  Nomen mihi est

  This is the most common way to say "my name is". For now, we will not go too deep into the grammar of this construction, but it is a useful phrase to know. Remember that Latin has no strict word order.

  Latin	English
  Nomen mihi est Marcus.	My name is Marcus.
  Tibi nomen est Livia.	Your name is Livia.
  Nomen ei Lucius est.	His name is Lucius.
  Nomen ei est Lesbia.	Her name is Lesbia.

  ---

  How are you?

  You will learn two ways to ask how someone is doing in this skill.

  1) Quid + ago? -> Quid agis?

  Literally, this means "What are you doing?"

  Subject	Verb
  ego	ago
  tu	agis
  is, ea	agit

  2) Quomodo + se + habeo? -> Quomodo te habes?

  Literally, this means "How do you have yourself/How do you feel?"

  Subject	Verb
  ego	habeo
  tu	habes
  is, ea	habet

  Se is the reflexive pronoun. (-self in English)

  Subject Pronoun	Reflexive Pronoun	English
  ego	me	myself
  tu	te	yourself
  is, ea	se	himself/herself

  ---

  Adverbs

  Bene (well) and male (badly) are adverbs. Adverbs are words that give more information about verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. In English these forms usually get -ly added, while in Latin adverbs of 1st and 2nd declension adjectives end in -e.

  • Bene dormio. - I sleep well. (and not "I sleep good.")

  ---

  -ne

  You stick the suffix -ne to the first word of a sentence to indicate that it is a yes/no question. The -ne is not mandatory and can be omitted.

  Latin	English	Potential answers
  Estne Roma in Italia?	Is Rome in Italy?	(Yes, it is./No, it is not.)
  Roma in Italia est?	Is Rome in Italy?	(Yes, it is./No, it is not.)

  ---

  First conjugation (-are)

  Habitare/habito (to live somewhere, to reside) is a verb that follows the first conjugation. You can recognize these verbs by the -a- in the verb stem. (The -a- merges with the -o for the first person singular.)

  Subject	Habitare	Amare (to love)	Stare (to stand)
  ego	habito	amo	sto
  tu	habitas	amas	stas
  is, ea	habitat	ama t	stat

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info
  nomen	name	3rd, neut.
  Italia	Italy	1st, fem.
  Roma	Rome	1st, fem.
  Romae	in Rome
  habito	I live, I reside	(habitare, 1st conj.)
  me habeo	I feel, I am doing (well/poorly/...)	(se habere, 2nd conj.)
  ago	I do, I act	(agere, 3rd conj.)
  salve(te)	hello
  quid	what
  quomodo	how
  ubi	where
  bene	well
  male	badly, poorly
  ita	yes, so
  minime	no, not at all

• ••• 41 Introduction21 @ 75% 25

  domi · dormit · ea · ego · es · est · et · femina · frater · in · is · mater · non · pater · puella · puer · quis · scribit · sed · soror · studet · sum · tu · urbe · vir
  25 words

  SALVETE

  Welcome to the Latin course!

  ---

  No Articles

  There are no articles in Latin! The sentence "Ego vir sum." could mean "I am a man." but also "I am the man." However, don't forget to use the correct articles when translating into English!

  ---

  Personal Pronouns

  Personal subject pronouns are used for emphasis and can be left out.

  Example: Ego vir sum. = Vir sum

  Latin	English
  ego	I
  tu	you (sg)
  is, ea*	he, she
  nos	we
  vos	you (pl)
  ii, eae*	they

  • *Forms of the demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id

  ---

  Word Order

  Latin is very flexible. The most common structure is SOV (subject - object - verb), especially in prose, but there are many other possibilities, depending on what you want to emphasize.

  ---

  Gender

  Latin has three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. In this first skill you will only encounter masculine and feminine nouns.

  First declension nouns are (generally) feminine nouns ending in -a in the nominative case. Examples are femina and puella.

  Second declension nouns are (generally) masculine nouns ending in -us and (generally) neuter nouns ending in -um in the nominative case. Examples are the names Stephanus and Marcus. Vir and puer are masculine nouns that follow the second declension as well.

  ---

  To Be

  In this skill you will learn the singular forms of the verb to be (esse, sum).

  Latin	English
  sum	I am
  es	you are
  est	he, she, it is

  ---

  Pronunciation

  This course uses Classical Pronunciation. A few things worth noting:

  • V sounds like the English W
  • C always sounds like a K
  • G is always hard and never J
  • AE sounds like the English word "eye"

  ---

  Cases

  Latin uses grammatical cases: words change when they get a different function in a sentence.

  Nominative

  The nominative case is the form of a noun you will find a dictionary. It is used for the subject of a sentences and for predicates following a form of "to be".

  You can find a subject by asking the question "Who/What + verb?"

  Example:

  • The man is sleeping. Who is sleeping? -> The man
  • I love you. Who loves you? -> I

  The predicate is the second part of a sentence following the "X is Y" pattern.

  Example:

  • I am a man. -> a man
  • These women are engineers. -> engineers

  Declension	Ending
  1st	-a
  2nd (masc.)	-us
  2nd (neut.)	-um

  ---

  Translation of Names

  A little convention: we will not accept translations of names as alternatives in this course. Marcus's name is Marcus, not Mark, and Stephanus is not Stephen or Steven.

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info (Declension, gender, etc.)
  femina	woman	1st, fem.
  vir	man	2nd, masc.
  puer	boy	2nd, masc.
  puella	girl	1st, fem.
  pater	father	3rd, masc.
  mater	mother	3rd, fem.
  soror	sister	3rd, fem.
  frater	brother	3rd, masc.
  non	not
  et	and
  sed	but
  quis	who?
  dormit	he, she sleeps
  studet	he, she studies
  scribit	he, she writes
  in urbe	in the city
  domi	at home

• ••• 41 Plurals 281 @ 50% 50

  amamus · amatis · docemus · docetis · estis · facimus · facitis · filias · filios · habemus · habetis · habitamus · habitatis · imus · itis · multos · nos · nostram · nostras · nostros · nostrum · puellas · pueros · sumus · velimus · velitis · venimus · venitis · visitamus · visitatis · vos
  31 words

  Nominative and Accusative (review)

  Decl.	1st fem.	2nd masc.	2nd neut.	3rd masc. & fem.	3rd neuter
  Nom. sg.	magistra	discipulus	vinum	mater	nomen
  Acc. sg.	magistram	discipulum	vinum (=)	matrem	nomen (=)
  Nom. pl.	magistrae	discipuli	vina	matres	nomina
  Acc. pl.	magistras	discipulos	vina (=)	matres	nomina (=)

  ! Nominative singular third declension nouns do not have a particular ending.

  ---

  NOS ET VOS

  This skill mainly focuses on nos and vos (we and you). Vos is the plural you; you use "vos" to talk about more than one person.

  Latin	English
  Marce, tu es vir!	Marcus, you are a man!
  Marce et Stephane, vos estis viri!	Marcus and Stephanus, you are men!

  	1: HABITARE	2: STUDERE	3: LEGERE	4: VENIRE
  nos	habita-mus	stude-mus	leg-i-mus	veni-mus
  vos	habita-tis	stude-tis	leg-i-tis	veni-tis

  The "nos" and "vos" forms for third conjugation verbs like facere, facio (verb stem ending in -i) look the same as other third conjugation verbs. (faci-mus, faci-tis)

  ---

  ESSE: to be

  Subject	Verb	Translation
  ego	sum	I am
  tu	es	you are (sg.)
  is, ea	est	he, she is
  nos	sumus	we are
  vos	estis	you are (pl.)
  ii, eae	sunt	they are

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  amo	I love	(amare, 1st conj.)	ama-
  noster	our	noster, nostra, nostrum	nostr-

• ••• 41 Travels72 @ 50% 50

  a · ab · ad · condis · condit · condo · cum · domo · domum · eo · eunt · facio · facis · facit · faciunt · forum · is · it · iter · longum · multas · nunc · quo · unde · urbem · urbes · venio · venis · venit · veniunt · visitas · visitat · visito
  33 words

  1st-4th Conjugation Review

  Time to review!

  Subject	1: HABITARE	2: STUDERE	3: LEGERE	4: DORMIRE
  ego	habito	stude-o	leg-o	dormi-o
  tu	habita-s	stude-s	leg-i-s	dormi-s
  is, ea	habita-t	stude-t	leg-i-t	dormi-t
  nos	habita-mus	stude-mus	leg-i-mus	dormi-mus
  vos	habita-tis	stude-tis	leg-i-tis	dormi-tis
  ii, eae	habita-nt	stude-nt	leg-u-nt	dormi-u-nt

  ---

  Third Conjugation (-ere, -io)

  Facere/facio (to make, to do) is a verb that follows the third conjugation BUT has a verb stem ending in -i. The two main differences are facio (and not "faco"), and faciunt (and not "facunt").

  Subject	FACERE
  ego	faci-o
  tu	faci-s
  is, ea	faci-t
  nos	faci-mus
  vos	faci-tis
  ii, eae	faci-u-nt

  ---

  Ablative: introduction

  Let's have a quick look at a new case: the ablative! The ablative has several uses, but for now, we will only use it after prepositions (see below).

  We will only use singular 1st declension and 3rd declension words for now.

  Nominative sg.	Ablative sg.	Declension
  Italia	Itali-a	1st
  urbs	urb-e	3rd

  When using macrons, you can recognise the nom. fem. sg. ending by the -ā at the end. (In contrast with the -a for the nominative.)

  ---

  Prepositions

  The words following prepositions (in English words like in, on, for, through) require certain grammatical cases in Latin.

  Preposition	+ Case	Translation
  ad	+ accusative	to
  in	+ accusative	into
  in	+ ablative	in
  ab/a	+ ablative	from
  cum	+ ablative	with

  Pay attention to the difference between "in + accusative" and "in + ablative".

  in urbe (in the city) - in urbem (into the city)

  ---

  A or Ab?

  This preposition has two forms: ab and a. Ab is used before words starting with a vowel or an H, while a is used before words starting with any other consonant.

  Latin	English
  ab urbe	from the city
  ab Italia	from Italy
  ab Hispanica	from Spain
  a Germania	from Germany
  a Graecia	from Greece
  a Philadelphia	from Philadelphia

  ---

  IRE: to go

  Ire/eo (to go) is an irregular verb.

  Subject	IRE
  ego	eo
  tu	is
  is, ea	it
  nos	imus
  vos	itis
  ii, eae	eunt

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  iter	journey, trip	3rd, neut.	itiner-
  longus	long	-us, -a, -um	long-
  visito	I visit	(visitare, 1st conj.)	visita-
  condo	I establish, I build	(condere, 3rd conj.)	cond-
  facio	I make, I do	(facere, 3rd conj. -io)	faci-
  venio	I come	(venire, 4th conj.)	veni-
  eo	I go	(ire, irregular)	i-, e-
  nunc	now
  unde	from where
  quo	to where
  domum	(to) home
  ad	to	+ acc.
  in	into	+ acc.
  in	in	+ abl.
  ab	from	+ abl.
  a	from	+ abl.
  cum	with	+ abl.

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  constant · constat · crustula · crustulum · da · decem · foro · hae · hoc · nummis · olivae · olivas · panem · panis · quaeso · quanti · rubrum · triginta · velim · velisne · velit · viginti · vinum
  23 words

  I would like

  In English we use the phrase would like when requesting something politely (in a shop, restaurant etc.). In Latin, however, we need a special verb form to express this. You would use velim in such situation.

  Subject	Verb
  ego	velim
  tu	velis
  is, ea	velit
  nos	velimus
  vos	velitis
  ii, eae	velint

  (Velim is the subjunctive of velle, volo, to want. For now, you don't need to remember this information.)

  ---

  Da mihi vinum!

  We have encountered mihi, tibi and ei earlier in the course. (Nomen mihi est...) These words respectively mean to me, to you (sg), and to him/her.

  This is the indirect object, which is in the dative case. You can find the indirect object by asking the question "To/For whom?".

  Example:

  • I give the book to him. To whom ? -> to him
  • I am sending you an email. To whom? -> (to) you
  • Give me the wine! To whom? -> (to) me

  ---

  Imperative (singular)

  Da mihi panem! - Give me the bread!

  The verb in this sentence, da, is an imperative. This verb mood is used for commands (when you want to tell someone they must do something). Command sentences do not have a subject.

  Imperative	Dictionary form	Conjugation
  Da! (Give!)	dare, do	1st
  Stude! (Study!)	studere, studeo	2nd
  Lege! (Read!)	legere, lego	3rd
  Dormi! (Sleep!)	dormire, dormio	4th

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  oliva	olive	1st, fem.	oliv-
  vinum	wine	2nd, neut.	vin-
  crustulum	cookie	2nd, neut.	crustul-
  forum	forum/market	2nd, neut.	for-
  nummus	coin	2nd, masc.	numm-
  panis	bread	3rd, masc.	pan-
  ruber	red	ruber, rubra, rubrum	rubr-
  familiaris	relative	3rd, masc.	familiar-
  do	I give	(dare, 1st conj.)	da-
  constat	it costs	(constare, 1st conj.)	consta-
  decem	ten	indeclinable
  viginti	twenty	indeclinable
  triginta	thirty	indeclinable
  quanti	how many	-i, -ae, -a (plural)	quant-
  ... nummis constat	it costs ... coins
  in foro	in the forum/market

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  discipula · discipulae · discipulas · discipuli · discipulos · discipulus · discit · disco · discunt · latinae · latinam · latinas · latinis · lectionem · lectiones · legis · legit · legunt · liber · libri · libro · libros · librum · linguae · linguam · linguas · litteras · litteris · ludi · ludo · ludus · magister · magistra · magistrum · scribitis · scribo · scribunt · studemus · studeo · studes · studetis
  41 words

  Accusative

  On to the next case! The accusative is the grammatical case used for direct objects.

  You can find the direct object of a sentence by asking the question "Who/What + does X + verb?", in which X is the subject.

  Example:

  • The man has a rose. What does the man have? -> a rose
  • The author writes books. What does the author write? -> books
  • I love you. Who do I love? -> you

  Declension	Nom. sg.	Acc. sg.
  1st	magistra	magistram
  2nd masc.	discipulus	discipulum
  2nd neut.	Novum Eboracum	Novum Eboracum (=)
  3rd	mater	matrem

  The plural forms are:

  Declension	Nom. pl.	Acc. pl.
  1st	magistrae	magistras
  2nd masc.	discipuli	discipulos
  2nd neut.	dona*	dona (=)
  3rd	matres	matres (=)

  (*donum = gift, present)

  ---

  -R (second declension)

  Not all masculine nouns that follow the second declension end in -us in the nominative, some end in -r or -er.

  Nom. sg.	Acc. sg.	Nom. pl.	Acc. pl.
  magister	magistr-um	magistr-i	magistr-os
  liber	libr-um	libr-i	libr-os
  puer	puerum	pueri	pueros
  vir	virum	viri	viros

  ---

  Third conjugation (-ere, -o)

  Legere/lego (to read) and discere/disco (to learn) are verbs that follow the third conjugation. You can recognize these verbs by the lack of a vowel at the end of the verb stem. (-i- is used to connect the stem to the endings, -u- for -nt)

  Subject	Legere	Discere	Agere
  ego	lego	disco	ago
  tu	leg-i-s	disc-i-s	ag-i-s
  is, ea	leg-i-t	disc-i-t	ag-i-t
  nos	leg-i-mus	disc-i-mus	ag-i-mus
  vos	leg-i-tis	disc-i-tis	ag-i-tis
  ii, eae	leg-u-nt	disc-u-nt	ag-u-nt

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info	Stem
  discipula	female student	1st, fem.	discipul-
  magistra	female teacher	1st, fem.	magistr-
  lingua	language	1st, fem.	lingu-
  lingua Latina	Latin (language)	1st, fem.
  litterae	literature	1st, fem. (always plural)	litter-
  discipulus	male student	2nd, masc.	discipul-
  magister	male teacher	2nd -er, masc.	magistr-
  liber	book	2nd -er, masc.	libr-
  ludus	school	2nd, masc.	lud-
  lectio	chapter	3rd, fem.	lection-
  Latinus	Latin (adj.)	-us, -a, -um	Latin-
  studeo	I study	(studere, 2nd conj.)	stude-
  doceo	I teach	(docere, 2nd conj.)	doce-
  disco	I learn	(discere, 3rd conj.)	disc-
  lego	I read	(legere, 3rd. conj.)	leg-
  scribo	I write	(scribere, 3rd. conj.)	scrib-

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  americana · americanus · bostonia · bostoniae · civitas · civitates · estne · familia · habitant · habitat · iuvenes · iuvenis · mea · multae · multi · nata · natus · novi eboraci · novum eboracum · num · philadelphia · philadelphiae · quid · quot · sola · solus · sunt · universitas · universitates · urbes · urbs
  31 words

  Adjectives

  Just like nouns, adjectives follow declensions. The adjective solus (masc.), sola (fem.), solum (neut.) follow the first and second declension, and get the same endings as nouns: discipulus - femina - Eboracum.

  Have a look at how the ending of the adjective changes:

  Latin	English	Gender
  discipulus novus	a new student	masculine
  familia nova	a new family	feminine
  civitas nova	a new state	feminine
  Novum Eboracum	New York	neuter
  nomen novum	a new name	neuter

  When using sum, you also need to make sure the adjective agrees with the noun.

  Latin	English
  Marcus est Romanus.	Marcus is Roman.
  Livia Americana est.	Livia is American.
  Nomen est novum.	The name is new.
  Ego solus sum.	I am alone. (masculine)
  Ego sola sum.	I am alone. (feminine)

  Locative

  The locative case is a special case which indicates a location used for cities.

  Some general rules:

  • -a (first declension) becomes -ae
  • -us and -um (second declension) become -i

  Nominative	Locative	English (loc.)
  Roma	Romae	in Rome
  Novum Eboracum	Novi Eboraci	in New York
  Corinthus	Corinthi	in Corinth

  Other locations will generally get a preposition (in + ablative, we will deal with the ablative later in the course).

  Latin	English
  in Italia	in Italy
  in urbe	in the city

  Domi (at home) is an exception!

  ---

  Num

  The particle num indicates that the speaker expects a negative answer; the speaker would be surprised if someone answered yes.

  Compare the following sentences.

  Latin	English	Expected Answer
  Num Romae habitat?	Surely he doesn't live in Rome?	Negative
  Habitatne Romae?	Does he live in Rome?	- (neutral)

  ---

  -tas

  The suffix -(i)tas is the equivalent of the English -(i)ty. These nouns follow the third declension and are feminine.

  Latin	English
  universitas	university
  libertas	liberty, freedom
  difficultas	difficulty, trouble

  ---

  New Vocabulary

  Latin	English	Additional Info
  familia	family	1st, fem.
  Bostonia	Boston	1st, fem.
  Philadelphia	Philadelphia	1st, fem.
  Novum Eboracum	New York	2nd, neut.
  iuvenis	young man	3rd, masc.
  urbs	city	3rd, fem.
  civitas	state	3rd, fem.
  universitas	university	3rd, fem.
  solus	alone	-us, -a, -um
  novus	new	-us, -a, -um
  natus	born	-us, -a, -um
  meus	my	-us, -a, -um
  Americanus	American	-us, -a, -um
  multi	many	-i, -ae, -a (plural)
  quid	what, which	3rd, neut.
  quot	how many