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122

kltran

Kenny TranGeorgia

378923 XP#135136
4307#8
27678#15336
9917

Learning Japanese from English

Level 25 · 38067 XP

Skills: 89

Lessons: 499

Lexemes: 3533

Strength: 61%

Created: 2013-02-07
Streak Extended: 2024-11-27
Timezone: UTC-5

Last update: 2024-11-28 13:38:00 GMT+3


1978218

Japanese Skills by StrengthCrownsNameOriginal Order

  • ••• 14 Hiragana 110 @ 75% 25
    あお · あか · おはよう · しろ · なな · はい · よん · ろく
    8 words

    Welcome to the Japanese course!

    While many consider Japanese to be very difficult to learn for native English speakers, this is only partially true. Many aspects of the Japanese language are quite simple, such as the sound system, and yes, even most of the grammar.

    Writing Systems

    Japanese uses three different writing systems, hiragana, katakana, and kanji.

    Hiragana is the most basic Japanese syllabary. It's like an alphabet that uses syllables instead of individual sounds.

    Katakana is the syllabary used to write foreign words and some noises. Although it's different from hiragana, it represents the exact same syllables.

    Kanji are Chinese characters used in the Japanese language to write individual nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Kanji are not phonetic, meaning you need to memorize each pronunciation individually. In this course, we introduce kanji gradually and methodically.

    Hiragana Pronunciation

    Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [a]
    [i]
    [ɯ], like the oo in food
    [e]
    [o]
    [ka]
    [ki]
    [kɯ]
    [ke]
    [ko]
    [sa]
    [ɕi], like the shee in sheep
    [sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
    [se]
    [so]
    [ta]
    [tɕi], like the tch in itchy
    [tsɯ], like the ts in cats
    [te]
    [to]
    [na]
    [ni]
    [nɯ]
    [ne]
    [no]
    [ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
    [çi], like the h in human
    [ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
    [he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
    [ho]
    [ma]
    [mi]
    [mɯ]
    [me]
    [mo]
    [ja]
    [jɯ]
    [jo]
    [ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
    [ɾi]
    [ɾɯ]
    [ɾe]
    [ɾo]
    [ɰa]
    [o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
    [n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

    As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with

    Enjoy the course!

  • ••• 14 Hiragana 221 @ 75% 25
    あまい · おさけ · きたない · きる · こんにちは · さようなら · すき · てりやき · のむ · ほしい · やさい · よむ · よる · わたし
    14 words

    Hiragana Pronunciation

    Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [a]
    [i]
    [ɯ], like the oo in food
    [e]
    [o]
    [ka]
    [ki]
    [kɯ]
    [ke]
    [ko]
    [sa]
    [ɕi], like the shee in sheep
    [sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
    [se]
    [so]
    [ta]
    [tɕi], like the tch in itchy
    [tsɯ], like the ts in cats
    [te]
    [to]
    [na]
    [ni]
    [nɯ]
    [ne]
    [no]
    [ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
    [çi], like the h in human
    [ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
    [he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
    [ho]
    [ma]
    [mi]
    [mɯ]
    [me]
    [mo]
    [ja]
    [jɯ]
    [jo]
    [ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
    [ɾi]
    [ɾɯ]
    [ɾe]
    [ɾo]
    [ɰa]
    [o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
    [n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

    As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with

  • ••• 14 Hiragana 331 @ 75% 25
    いえ · いぬ · くもり · せなか · そと · とり · なつ · ねこ · はれ · ひる · ふゆ · へや · みみ · め
    14 words

    Hiragana Pronunciation

    Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [a]
    [i]
    [ɯ], like the oo in food
    [e]
    [o]
    [ka]
    [ki]
    [kɯ]
    [ke]
    [ko]
    [sa]
    [ɕi], like the shee in sheep
    [sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
    [se]
    [so]
    [ta]
    [tɕi], like the tch in itchy
    [tsɯ], like the ts in cats
    [te]
    [to]
    [na]
    [ni]
    [nɯ]
    [ne]
    [no]
    [ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
    [çi], like the h in human
    [ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
    [he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
    [ho]
    [ma]
    [mi]
    [mɯ]
    [me]
    [mo]
    [ja]
    [jɯ]
    [jo]
    [ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
    [ɾi]
    [ɾɯ]
    [ɾe]
    [ɾo]
    [ɰa]
    [o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
    [n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

    As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with

  • ••• 14 Hiragana 432 @ 50% 50
    えもじ · えんぴつ · かぜ · かばん · がっこう · きっぷ · きゅう · きょう · ぎんこう · くだもの · ちず · てんぷら · でんわ · なっとう · べんとう · まんが
    16 words

    In the following skill, we introduce a few more elements to basic hiragana.

    Hiragana Part II: Dakuten

    Putting two little dashes or dakuten at the upper right corner of a hiragana syllable voices the consonant. It changes the pronunciation of the hiragana in the following way:

    Sound Sound with Dakuten Example
    k g か (ka) → が (ga)
    s z さ (sa) → ざ (za), し (shi) → じ (ji)*
    t d た (ta) → だ (da), つ (tsu) → づ (zu)*
    h b は (ha) → ば (ba)

    Putting a little circle or handakuten at the upper right corner changes the pronunciation of the は-ひ-ふ-へ-ほ hiragana in the following way:

    Sound Sound with Handakuten Example
    h p は (ha) → ぱ (pa)

    Hiragana Part III: Small っ

    Putting a っ (small tsu) between two hiragana syllables doubles the letter right after っ and introduces a short pause between two sounds. See some examples below:

    Without っ With っ
    きて (kite) きって (kitte)
    もと (moto) もっと (motto)
    あさり (asari) あっさり (assari)

    Hiragana Part IV: Big and Small Characters

    Lastly, this skill introduces the big and small versions of three sounds in hiragana. A small や、ゆ、or よ changes the pronunciation of a word in the following way:

    Big や-ゆ-よ Small や-ゆ-よ
    きや [ki-ya] きゃ [kya]
    きゆ [ki-yu] きゅ [kyu]
    きよ [ki-yo] きょ [kyo]

    The small character changes the two-syllable construction into a one-syllable construction. Sometimes, the difference can lead to a real change in meaning, as shown below:

    Big よ Small よ
    びよういん [bi-yō-in] "beauty salon" びょういん [byō-in] "hospital"
  • ••• 14 Greetings22 @ 75% 25
    おねがいします · おはよう · おやすみなさい · けん · こちらこそ · こんにちは · こんばんは · ございます · ごめんなさい · さようなら · さん · じゃ · じゃあ · じゃあね · です · です · どういたしまして · どうぞ · どうぞよろしく · どうぞよろしく · どうも · なおみ · はな · またあした · またね · よろしく
    26 words

    Saying Thank You

    The phrase "thank you" in Japanese is dependent on the situation. Below is a table of the most common forms, from least to most formal. Note that the formality increases with the length of the phrase.

    Japanese Explanation
    どうも Thanks, used with friends.
    ありがとう Thank you, used with friends.
    どうもありがとう Thank you very much, used with friends.
    ありがとうございます Thank you, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
    どうもありがとうございます Thank you very much, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.

    Saying Thank You for a Past Action

    If you'd like to thank someone for something they did in the past, you change the ございます ending to ございました。

    Japanese Explanation
    ありがとうございました Thank you for what you did, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
    どうもありがとうございました Thank you very much for what you did, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
  • ••• 14 Katakana 191 @ 75% 25
    カメラ
    1 words

    Katakana

    This lesson will begin introducing katakana. Like hiragana, katakana is a Japanese phonetic writing system. It's used for several things, but one of the most common uses is for foreign words.

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [a]
    [e]
    [o]
    [i]
    [ɾi]
    [ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
    [ka]
    [me]
    [ki]
    [ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
    [ko]
    [ma]
    [ɕi], like the shee in sheep
    [n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"
    [sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
    [ta]
    [ɾo]
    [jo]
    long vowel mark, used to extend the vowel sound that precedes it

    Katakana with Dakuten

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [gi]
    [dʑi], like the jee in jeep
    [pa]
    [pi]

    If you sound out the words below using katakana characters, you might find some familiar words! Some of the pronunciation is a little different than its English equivalent, though.

    Japanese Romaji English
    カメラ kamera camera
    アメリカ Amerika the US
    マリア Maria Maria (female given name)
    アフリカ Afurika Africa
    メキシコ Mekishiko Mexico
    フランス Furansu France
    エリカ Erika Erika (female given name)
    マリオ Mario Mario (male given name)

    Just be careful - not all words written in katakana were taken from English!

    Japanese Romaji English
    イギリス Igirisu the UK
    イタリア Itaria Italy
    ローマ Rōma Rome

    Not all foreign loan words in Japanese are directly equivalent to their English counterparts! For instance, in Japanese アメリカ (Amerika) isn't commonly used to refer to all of North America or to both North and South America - it's used almost exclusively to mean "the United States." However, イギリス (Igirisu) can be used to refer to both "the UK" and "England."

  • ••• 14 Introduction101 @ 50% 50
    しゅっしん · といいます · と言います · はじめまして · アメリカ · ジョン · マリア · 中国 · 人 · 出身 · 日本 · 本田
    12 words

    Introduction to Kanji

    This lesson introduces the non-phonetic writing system of Japanese, kanji. Kanji literally means "Chinese characters," and they're used to build content words like nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

    Kanji Readings

    So how do you read kanji? Most kanji have at least two possible readings. Typically, one reading is derived from a native Japanese word, and one reading is derived from a Chinese loanword. These are called "kunyomi" ("meaning reading") and "onyomi" ("sound reading") respectively.

    Let's take the kanji for "country," 。On its own, we use the Japanese "kunyomi" reading, くに。In Japanese, くに means "country." However, in compounds, we use the "onyomi" reading of こく。Therefore, China, 中国 or "middle country," is read as ちゅうごく。

    Rendaku

    So why isn't it ちゅうこく?This is due to a phenomenon known as "rendaku" or "sequential voicing." Syllables that come later in a word are sometimes voiced and marked with a dakuten. This is often rather unpredictable, so rendaku words should be memorized individually.

    Example Kanji

    Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this lesson, complete with possible readings.

    Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
    Person ひと じん、にん
    Middle なか ちゅう
    Country くに こく
    Sun, Day にち、じつ
    Origin, Book もと ほん
    Rice Paddy でん

    You may have noticed that the word Japan, or 日本 is composed of the kanji meaning "sun" and "origin." This word was first adopted by the Chinese, and to them, Japan was off to the east, the place where the sun rose or "originated."

    Katakana Pronunciation

    This lesson also introduces katakana, the phonetic Japanese writing system used for foreign words. See their pronunciation below.

    Basic Katakana

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [a]
    [i]
    [ɯ], like the oo in food
    [e]
    [o]
    [ka]
    [ki]
    [kɯ]
    [ke]
    [ko]
    [sa]
    [ɕi], like the shee in sheep
    [sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
    [se]
    [so]
    [ta]
    [tɕi], like the tch in itchy
    [tsɯ], like the ts in cats
    [te]
    [to]
    [na]
    [ni]
    [nɯ]
    [ne]
    [no]
    [ha]
    [çi], like the h in human
    [ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
    [he]
    [ho]
    [ma]
    [mi]
    [mɯ]
    [me]
    [mo]
    [ja]
    [jɯ]
    [jo]
    [ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
    [ɾi]
    [ɾɯ]
    [ɾe]
    [ɾo]
    [ɰa]
    [wo] or [o], although it's used very rarely
    [n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"
    long vowel mark, used to extend the vowel sound that precedes it

    Katakana with Dakuten

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [ga]
    [gi]
    [gɯ]
    [ge]
    [go]
    [za]
    [dʑi], like the jee in jeep
    [zɯ]
    [ze]
    [zo]
    [da]
    [dʑi], like the jee in jeep
    [zɯ]
    [de]
    [do]
    [ba]
    [bi]
    [bɯ]
    [be]
    [bo]
    [pa]
    [pi]
    [pɯ]
    [pe]
    [po]
  • ••• 14 Katakana 2102 @ 75% 25

    More Katakana

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [do]
    [pe]
    [tsɯ], like the ts in cats
    [na]
    [da]
    [bɯ]
    [ɾɯ]
    [be]
    [mɯ]
    [ne]
    [to]
    [ja]
    [po]
    [ga]
    [ɯ], like the oo in food
    [no]
    [ɰa]
    [de]
  • ••• 14 Introduction 2111 @ 50% 50
    ええ · が · げんき · さくら · ではありません · はなせ · も · もちろん · わたし · イギリス · 何 · 元気 · 名前 · 茂 · 話せ
    15 words

    Basic Grammar

    One thing that makes Japanese very different from English is the Japanese tendency to drop the subject of the sentence when the meaning is clear from context. Statements usually refer to oneself, while questions usually address the person you're speaking with.

    The Question Marker

    Adding question marker at the end will make the affirmative (positive) sentence into question. If the sentences end in ~です, it’s easy to formulate questions by using ~ですか。

    Positive Question
    アメリカ人です。(I’m American.) アメリカ人です。(Are you American?)
    がくせいです。(I’m a student.) がくせいです。(Are you a student?)

    Pronouns

    Pronouns are relatively rare in Japanese, but they are sometimes used to explicitly specify the subject or topic of a sentence. Below are some of the most common ones.

    Person Singular Plural
    First 私・わたし is used in polite settings by women and men, used by women in most other settings. 僕・ぼく is used by men in informal settings. 私たち・わたしたち is most common. 我々・われわれ sounds rather stiff and business-like.
    Second あなた is used in polite settings, however, if you know someone's name, it's best to call them by their name, typically followed by さん or せんせい。君・きみ is used by men in informal settings, specifically to those on or beneath one's social level. あなたたち is used in formal settings, and 君たち・きみたち is used in informal settings, especially to subordinates.
    Third - Male 彼・かれ 彼ら・かれら is also used for a mixed-gendered group
    Third - Female 彼女・かのじょ 彼女たち・かのじょたち

    Kanji from this Skill

    Below is a table of the eight kanji that are introduced in this lesson, complete with possible readings.

    Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
    Education まな•ぶ がく
    Born, Raw なま、い•きる せい
    Previous さき せん
    English えい
    Language かた•る
    What なに
    Name めい、みょう
    Before まえ ぜん
  • ••• 14 Katakana 362 @ 75% 25

    More Katakana

    Japanese IPA, Notes
    [kɯ]
    [so]
    [te]
    [ba]
    [sa]
    [ze]
    [mo]
    [bo]
    [ho]
    [ka]
    [ni]
    [go]
    [jɯ]
    [ke]
    [tɕi], like the tch in itchy
    [nɯ]
    [bi]
    [ɾe]
  • ••• 14 Food 1121 @ 50% 50
    あれ · おちゃ · ごはん · さかな · にく · のみ · やさい · を · パン · 水 · 魚
    11 words

    Object Particle

    The marker is attached to things or people, and means that they are the target of the verb. Subjects are often omitted in Japanese sentences. Unlike English, the location of the verbs are usually at the end of the sentence. を was once pronounced wo, but now it’s the [o] sound.

    Object Verb English
    みず のみます。 I drink water.
    さかな たべます。 I eat fish.

    General Pronouns

    This lesson also introduces the general pronouns これ、それ、あれ、and どれ、which translate to "this," "that," "that (over there)," and "which (one)," respectively.

    Japanese これ それ あれ どれ
    English this that that (over there) which
    Notes closer to the speaker closer to the listener far from both the speaker and listener question

    Kanji from this Skill

    Below is a table of the two kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

    Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
    Water みず すい
    Eat た•べる しょく
  • ••• 14 Time62 @ 75% 25
    いち · ごろ · さん · すみません · に · 一 · 七 · 三 · 二 · 五 · 六 · 四
    12 words

    Kanji from this Skill

    Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

    Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
    One ひと•つ いち
    Two ふた•つ
    Three みっ•つ さん
    Time とき
    Now いま こん
    Minute, Part わ•かる ふん、ぶん
  • ••• 14 Routines131 @ 50% 50

    1 words

    Directional Particle

    The particle へ indicates a direction towards which something or someone moves. This movement is the direction away from the current location. When used as a particle, へ is pronounced as [e]. 

    Location and Time Particle

    The particle に with a time expression indicates a specific point in time. に can also express times on a clock, days of the week, or years.

    Direction English Location or Time English
    会社・かいしゃ to the office 3時・じ at 3 o’clock
    学校・がっこう to school 月曜日・げつようび on Monday
    日本・にほん to Japan 5月・がつ in May
    アメリカ to America 2016年・ねん in 2016

    Kanji from this Skill

    Below is a table of the four kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

    Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
    Go い•く こう
    School こう
    Noon
    After あと、うし•ろ
  • ••• 14 Home 1701 @ 75% 25
    あそこ · あの · あり · い · お風呂 · テーブル · トイレ · プール · ペット · 台所 · 子犬 · 子猫 · 家 · 寝室 · 庭 · 机 · 椅子 · 犬 · 猫 · 窓 · 羽 · 部屋 · 鳥
    23 words

    The Verbs あります and います

    あります and います are very special verbs in Japanese that refer to something's existence. They're often translated into English as "there is" or "there are." Even though they're often translated identically, they describe different objects:

    • あります is used for inanimate objects, like books, rooms, televisions, and apples.
    • います is used for animate objects, like people, cats, dogs, and other animals.

    Japanese Counting Words

    The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. You use these words when you want to mention a specific number of a certain noun. Below is how they are typically formed.

    Noun Particle Number + Counter Verb
    鳥・とり 二羽・にわ います
    • 鳥が二羽います means "there are two birds."

    In Japanese, you also have the option of placing the number and counter before the noun, but this is less common and typically involves an additional particle.

    Number + Counter Noun Particle Verb
    二羽・にわ 鳥・とり います
    • 二羽の鳥がいます also means "there are two birds."

    Below is a table for 羽、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 羽 is a counter used just for birds and rabbits.

    Number Form of 羽
    1・一・いち 一羽・いちわ
    2・二・に 二羽・にわ
    3・三・さん 三羽・さんわ
    4・四・よん 四羽・よんわ
    5・五・ご 五羽・ごわ
    6・六・ろく 六羽・ろくわ
    7・七・なな 七羽・しちわ or なな
    8・八・はち 八羽・はちわ
    9・九・きゅう 九羽・きゅうわ
    10・十・じゅう 十羽・じゅうわ

    Kanji from this Skill

    Below you will find the kanji for all of the vocabulary words in this skill.

    Kanji Hiragana Meaning Components
    台所 だいどころ kitchen pedestal + place
    部屋 へや room division + dwelling
    風呂 ふろ bath wind + spine
    にわ yard, garden
    いえ house
    まど window
    ねこ cat
    いぬ dog
    とり bird
    椅子 いす chair chair + small thing
    つくえ desk
  • ••• 14 Introduction 3702 @ 75% 25
    います · いません · おおさか · きょうと · さい · すんで · そう · たち · ちがい · とうきょう · ね · もうし · よ · りゅうがく生 · 中学 · 京都 · 住んで · 外国人 · 大学 · 大阪 · 小学 · 年生 · 東京 · 歳 · 生 · 申し · 留学生 · 違い · 高校
    29 words

    Sentence-Ending Particles

    This lesson introduces two of the most common sentence-ending particles, ね and よ。Used exclusively in conversation, they communicate intention rather than concrete meaning, and as such, they are difficult to translate directly.

    is used to seek passive agreement from the person being spoken to, much like "... right?" or "... correct?" in English.

    • いい天気 (てんき) ですね means "nice weather, isn't it?" and is a common expression on mild, sunny days.

    is used to express certainty in a matter of uncertainty, as if to emphasize the truth of the words that come before it. This sense of emphasis mirrors the use of the word "does" in the English sentence "She (actually) does enjoy tennis."

    • お元気 (げんき) ですか?means "are you doing well?" and a valid response would be as follows.

    • 元気 (げんき) ですよ means "I am doing well (you know)" and communicates that perhaps the answerer's health was actually poor recently and they intend to underline their present healthiness.

  • ••• 14 Counting320 @ 75% 25
    いくつ · たまご · 一つ · 一個 · 七つ · 三つ · 九つ · 二つ · 二個 · 五つ · 個 · 八つ · 六つ · 卵 · 四つ
    15 words
  • ••• 14 Family 1161 @ 75% 25
    お母さん · お父さん · 母 · 父
    4 words

    Familial Terms

    Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

    Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

    Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
    Older Brother お兄さん (おにいさん) 兄 (あに)
    Older Sister お姉さん (おねえさん) 姉 (あね)
    Younger Brother 弟さん (おとうとさん) 弟 (おとうと)
    Younger Sister 妹さん (いもうとさん) 妹 (いもうと)
    Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
    Parents ご両親 (ごりょうしん) 両親 (りょうしん)
    Father お父さん (おとうさん) 父 (ちち)
    Mother お母さん (おかあさん) 母 (はは)
    Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
    Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)
    Uncle Older than Parent 伯父さん (おじさん) 伯父 (おじ)
    Aunt Older than Parent 伯母さん (おばさん) 伯母 (おば)
    Uncle Younger than Parent 叔父さん (おじさん) 叔父 (おじ)
    Aunt Younger than Parent 叔母さん (おばさん) 叔母 (おば)
    Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
    Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)
  • ••• 14 Restaurant111 @ 75% 25
    あさごはん · あつい · あの · あまい · いくら · おいしい · きらい · しょくどう · つめたい · で · どの · ばんごはん · ひるごはん · やすい · レストラン · 嫌い · 昼ご飯 · 晩ご飯 · 朝ご飯 · 食堂 · 高い
    21 words

    Determiners

    Just like in English, determiners in Japanese come before a noun and signify both its location and relationship with the speaker. Japanese also has two words for "that" depending on whether or not the listener is close to the noun or not.

    • この本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "this book is expensive" when the book in question is close to you but farther from the person you're speaking to.

    • その本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far from you but near the person you're speaking to.

    • あの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far away from both you and the person you're speaking to.

    • どの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) ですか? means "which book is expensive?" no matter where the book in question happens to be.

    Place Marker

    The particle usually shows the location of action or event, such as "at" "in" or "on" in English. で also indicates "with" "by" or "using" to show a language or tools being used.

    Adjectives

    This lesson also introduces Japanese adjectives, which are divided into い-adjectives and な-adjectives.

    い-Adjectives

    い-adjectives are true adjectives that have been in the Japanese language since the very beginning. All of them end in い、although not all adjectives that end in い are in fact い-adjectives. See how they operate using the example い-adjective おいしい、meaning "delicious."

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.

    Note that all い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech. This is grammatical as well.

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしい This is delicious.

    When placed before a noun, there's no change to the spelling of an い-adjective.

    Sentence Translation
    おいしいすしです。 It is delicious sushi.

    We will be introducing the other major category of Japanese adjectives later in the course.

    Large Numbers

    Japanese has certain conventions for writing large numbers. Below are the kanji and readings for a few of them that will be introduced in this lesson.

    Japanese English
    百 (ひゃく) one hundred
    千 (せん) one thousand
    万 (まん) ten thousand

    百 and 千 can be used in isolation to mean 100 and 1,000.

    Example Translation
    百円 (ひゃくえん) 100 yen
    千円 (せんえん) 1,000 yen

    It would sound unnatural in Japanese to write 一百 or 一千 when you have 100 or 1,000 of something. However, 万 functions with the opposite convention; when you have 10,000 of something, it is customary to put 一 in front of it.

    Example Translation
    万円 (いちまんえん) 10,000 yen
  • ••• 14 Activity 1721 @ 75% 25
    あさって · あした · あした · いそがしい · いつ · かい · から · きのう · し · しごと · でした · と · はたらき · はなし · へいじつ · べんきょう · ました · まで · よう日 · パーティー · 今日 · 仕事 · 働き · 勉強 · 友だち · 友達 · 土 · 忙しい · 日 · 明後日 · 明日 · 昨日 · 時間 · 木 · 来 · 水 · 火 · 話し · 買い · 週まつ · 金
    41 words

    Past Tense

    This lesson introduces the past tense of verbs. In Japanese, there are other varieties of tense, but we will cover those in later lessons. Changing a verb from the present/future tense to the past tense is rather simple.

    • パンを食 (た) べます means either "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread."
    • パンを食 (た) べました means "I ate bread."
    Verb Tense Positive Ending
    Present 〜ます
    Future 〜ます
    Past 〜ました

    Instead of changing the negative ending 〜ません to make a negative past tense verb ("did not eat"), we simply add the word でした to the end.

    • パンを食 (た) べません means either "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread."
    • パンを食 (た) べませんでした means "I did not eat bread."
    Verb Tense Negative Ending
    Present 〜ません
    Future 〜ません
    Past 〜ませんでした

    The endings above apply to all verbs that end with 〜ます。

  • ••• 14 Position731 @ 75% 25
    あたらしい · うち · さつ · たくさん · ちょっと · となり · ひくい · ふるい · みじかい · よこ · れいぞうこ · テレビ · ベッド · 一人 · 上 · 下 · 中 · 冊 · 冷蔵庫 · 前 · 右 · 外 · 大きい · 小さい · 左 · 布団 · 後ろ · 本 · 本だな · 鏡 · 長い · 間 · 隣
    33 words

    Expressing Position

    As noted in an earlier lesson, Japanese has two special verbs that mean "be" or "exist" depending on the animateness of the subject. います is used for living things, while あります is used for inanimate objects. We use these verbs to describe someone or something's position relative to something else.

    Topic Location Directional Verb
    猫・ねこ・は 机・つくえ 上・うえ・に います
    • 猫は机の上にいます means "the cat is on the desk."
    Topic Location Directional Verb
    本・ほん・は 机・つくえ 上・うえ・に あります
    • 本は机の上にあります means "the book is on the desk."

    Notice how the verb changes depending on whether or not the topic is animate.

  • ••• 14 Vacation 1162 @ 75% 25
    いつも · ようこそ
    2 words
  • ••• 32 Hobby 1751 @ 50% 50
    あそび · あまり · うた · うたい · え · えいが · およぎ · おんがく · かき · さんぽ · しゃしん · てがみ · ときどき · とり · ならい · はしり · まい · よく · りょこう · 二人 · 写真 · 手紙 · 描き · 撮り · 散歩 · 旅行 · 映画 · 書き · 枚 · 歌 · 歌い · 泳ぎ · 絵 · 習い · 聞き · 見 · 読み · 走り · 遊び · 音楽
    40 words

    Counting People

    Counting people in Japanese is relatively easy, but there are a couple irregular forms. Please reference the following table to learn how to count people.

    Number Form of 人
    1・一・いち 一人・ひとり
    2・二・に 二人・ふたり
    3・三・さん 三人・さんにん
    4・四・よん 四人・よにん
    5・五・ご 五人・ごにん
    6・六・ろく 六人・ろくにん
    7・七・なな 七人・しちにん
    8・八・はち 八人・はちにん
    9・九・きゅう 九人・きゅうにん
    10・十・じゅう 十人・じゅうにん

    You will also see another counter, 枚 (まい), which is used to count flat things. Thankfully, 枚 has no irregular forms, and so it's read the same way regardless of the number that comes before it.

    Not Much

    あまり is a word you can use with negative sentences to express ideas like “not much,” “not often” or “not many.” Below are a few examples of its usage.

    Japanese English
    映画はあまりません I do not watch a lot of movies.
    散歩はあまりません I do not go on walks very often.
  • ••• 32 Family 2202 @ 75% 25

    Familial Terms

    Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

    Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

    Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
    Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
    Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)
    Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
    Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
    Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)

    Not your uncle but your grandfather!

    Sometimes, changing just one character can entirely change the meaning of a word. Japanese learners often make this mistake with the words for uncle/grandfather and aunt/grandmother. Please double-check the length of your vowel!

    Japanese English
    おじさん uncle
    おじさん grandfather
    おばさん aunt
    おばさん grandmother

    Arriving and Departing Phrases

    This skill also teaches a special set of Japanese phrases when someone enters or exits a home. These are in widespread use throughout Japan.

    One makes the statement when one either departs from or arrives in a home, and one makes the response upon hearing the corresponding statement.

    Statement Response
    When Departing いってきます いってらっしゃい
    Translation "I'm leaving!" "Take care!"
    When Returning ただいま おかえりなさい
    Translation "I'm home!" "Welcome back!"
  • ••• 41 Transportation 1761 @ 75% 25
    かかり · くらい · ない · タクシー · バス · 乗り · 使い · 地下鉄 · 地図 · 歩き · 空港 · 自転車 · 車 · 近く · 速く · 遅く · 遠く · 電車 · 飛行機 · 駅
    20 words

    Negative い-Adjectives

    When い-adjectives are switched from positive to negative, they undergo a spelling change. The characteristic い-ending switches to a く、and the phrase meaning "not" is added to the end. The final result is an ending such as くないです。See the example below.

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.
    これはおいしくないです This is not delicious.

    Just like with positive い-adjectives, all negative い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech.

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしくない This is not delicious.

    To make the speech more formal, one can change the ending from くないです to くありません。

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしくありません This is not delicious.
  • ••• 41 Clothes 1771 @ 75% 25
    かぶり · オレンジ色 · シャツ · スカート · ズボン · セーター · パンツ · ピンク色 · 冬 · 古く · 夏 · 安く · 履き · 帽子 · 新しく · 春 · 服 · 欲しい · 欲しく · 洗い · 白い · 着 · 秋 · 脱ぎ · 長く · 青い · 靴 · 高く
    28 words

    Wearing Clothing

    Japanese has many translations for the English words "to wear" or "to put on," depending on where on the body the clothes are worn. Below are some examples taught in this lesson.

    Japanese Notes
    着ます・きます wear, on the whole body or upper body
    被ります・かぶります wear, on the head
    履きます・はきます wear, on the lower body
  • ••• 41 Hobby 2772 @ 75% 25
    ありません · いそがしく · いっしょ · えいがかん · おしえ · かけ · こうえん · さあ · さ来週 · つくり · ばんごう · ひき · ましょう · ましょうか · ませんか · また · りょうり · れんしゅう · カメラ · ギター · スポーツ · パソコン · ピアノ · プール · 今月 · 今週 · 会い · 作り · 先月 · 先週 · 公園 · 再来週 · 大じょうぶ · 大丈夫 · 弾き · 忙しく · 教え · 料理 · 新聞 · 映画館 · 来月 · 来週 · 番号 · 練習 · 電話
    45 words

    Together!

    In Japanese, there are different ways to ask someone to do something with you. Your verb ending can subtly change the nature of your request or suggestion.

    Verb Ending Meaning in English
    ~ませんか "Would you like to...?" / "Do you want to...?"
    ~ましょう "Let's..."
    ~ましょうか? "Shall we...?" / "Should we...?"
    Japanese English
    プールで泳ぎませんか Would you like to swim at the pool?
    プールで泳ぎましょう Let's swim at the pool.
    プールで泳ぎましょうか Shall we swim at the pool?

    Weeks and Months

    Japanese has specific words for ideas like "last week," "next week" and "this week." There is even a word for "the week after next"! Maybe you'll notice a pattern with how these words are formed!

    Word Reading Meaning
    今月 こんげつ this month
    来月 らいげつ next month
    先月 せんげつ last month
    Word Reading Meaning
    今週 こんしゅう this week
    来週 らいしゅう next week
    先週 せんしゅう last week
    再来週 さらいしゅう the week after next

    Playing an Instrument

    Japanese uses different verbs to talk about playing different kinds of musical instruments. In this skill, you will encounter the verb used for playing a string instrument - 弾きます (ひきます). Don't forget that the piano is included as a string instrument!

    Japanese English
    ピアノを弾きます I play the piano.
    ギターを弾きます I play the guitar.
  • ••• 41 Weather 1781 @ 75% 25
    いい · くもり · でも · ふき · また · よく · 今夜 · 今晩 · 今朝 · 夕べ · 夕方 · 夜 · 天気 · 明るい · 明るく · 昼間 · 晴れ · 朝 · 空 · 降り · 雪 · 風
    22 words

    Isn't it?

    In Japanese, it is common to ask a question in the negative form in order to solicit agreement. These sentences are commonly translated as "Isn't it...?" in English.

    Japanese English
    暗いですか Is it dark?
    暗くないですか Isn't it dark?

    Did you notice the difference? When the question is asked with a regular adjective form, the English meaning is "Is it...?" When it is asked with an adjective in the negative form, the English translation changes to "Isn't it...?"

    Adverbs

    In Japanese, you can change an -い adjective to an adverb by dropping the -い and replacing it with -く. Adverbs are usually words that end in -ly in English and describe how something happens.

    Adjective Meaning Adverb Meaning
    強い (つよい) strong 強く (つよく) strongly
    弱い (よわい) weak 弱く (よわく) weakly

    Here are some examples of how these different forms are used.

    Japanese English
    風が強いです。 The wind is strong.
    強い風がふきます。 A strong wind blows.
    風が強くふきます。 The wind blows strongly.
  • ••• 41 Food 2782 @ 75% 25
    いかが · おいしく · おおい · おおく · おさけ · おさら · おなか · おはし · おべんとう · ぎゅうにゅう · くだもの · けっこう · こうちゃ · さとう · しお · しょうゆ · すくない · すくなく · すし · ぜんぜん · ぜんぶ · たいへん · ちゃわん · とても · のみもの · ほんとう · まったく · ゆうはん · カフェ · コーヒー · ジュース · ミント · 全然 · 全部 · 塩 · 夕飯 · 多く · 果物 · 牛乳 · 紅茶 · 結構 · 食べもの · 食べ物 · 飲み物
    44 words

    Very, quite, or not at all!

    In this skill, you will encounter words that can modify the severity of your sentences. 

    全然 (ぜんぜん) and  全く (まったく) can both be used with negative sentences to mean "not at all."

    Japanese English
    この野菜は全然おいしくないです。 These vegetables are not delicious at all.
    牛乳はまったく多くないです。 There is not much milk at all.

    とても and  大変 (たいへん) can both be used in affirmative sentences to mean "very."

    Japanese English
    このラーメンはとてもおいしいです。 This ramen is very tasty.
    大変おいしいです。 It is very tasty.

    結構 (けっこう) can be used in affirmative sentences to mean "quite."

    Japanese English
    塩が結構多いですね。 There is quite a lot of salt, isn't there?

    A Small Amount

    少ない (すくない) is an adjective that means “few” or “not much.” Be careful – although the word ends in -ない, it isn’t the negative form of the adjective! The negative form of 少ない is actually 少なくない (すくなくない). That’s a mouthful!

    Japanese English
    カレーが少ないです There is not much curry.
  • ••• 41 Direction 1221 @ 75% 25
    おり · かど · ぎんこう · こうさてん · すすみ · せまい · たてもの · つぎ · とおり · ひろい · びょういん · まがり · みせ · みち · むこう · 入り口 · 向こう · 店 · 建物 · 曲がり · 次 · 狭い · 病院 · 角 · 通り · 進み · 道 · 銀行
    28 words
  • ••• 41 Food 3792 @ 75% 25
    お腹 · すき · ぶどう · グラス · コップ · スプーン · スープ · ナイフ · ビール · フォーク · レモン · 半分 · 好物 · 茶碗
    14 words

    An Empty Stomach

    In Japanese, when you ask someone if they are hungry, the expression is お腹がすきましたか? (おなかがすきましたか?)

    Although the Japanese expression is written in past tense, its understood meaning would be equivalent to the English expression “Are you hungry?” It literally translates to something like, “Has your stomach been emptied?” – because if your stomach has become empty, that means that you’re hungry now!

  • ••• 14 Dates801 @ 75% 25
    おととし · おめでとう · きょ年 · さ来年 · たんじょう日 · ヶ月 · 一日 · 一昨年 · 七日 · 三日 · 九日 · 二十日 · 二日 · 五日 · 今年 · 休み · 八日 · 六日 · 再来年 · 出かけ · 十日 · 去年 · 四日 · 年 · 日 · 曜日 · 月 · 来年 · 毎あさ · 毎ばん · 毎年 · 毎晩 · 毎月 · 毎朝 · 毎週 · 週間
    36 words

    Japanese Counting Words

    The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. Below is a table for 日、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 日 is the counter for days.

    Number Form of 日
    1・一・いち 一日・ついたち
    2・二・に 二日・ふつか
    3・三・さん 三日・みっか
    4・四・よん 四日・よっか
    5・五・ご 五日・いつか
    6・六・ろく 六日・むいか
    7・七・なな 七日・なのか
    8・八・はち 八日・ようか
    9・九・きゅう 九日・ここのか
    10・十・じゅう 十日・とおか
    20・二十・にじゅう 二十日・はつか
  • ••• 41 Shopping 1802 @ 75% 25
    あげ · いり · いろ · いろいろ · うでどけい · うり · おなじ · おもい · おもく · お金 · かいもの · かるい · かるく · かわいい · かわいく · きたない · きたなく · きれい · こんな · さいふ · じょうぶ · たいせつ · ちがう · とけい · どんな · な · にとって · にもつ · ほか · もち · もの · もらい · カバン · 丈夫 · 入れ · 出し · 同じ · 売り · 大切 · 大好き · 屋 · 持ち · 時計 · 腕時計 · 色 · 花 · 荷物 · 要り · 財布 · 買い物 · 違う
    51 words

    な-Adjectives

    This lesson teaches the first な-adjective in the course, きれい、meaning "pretty" or "clean." Although it looks like an い-adjective, it belongs to the な-adjective category.

    な-adjectives are nominal adjectives that have been imported from other countries over centuries, mainly from China. There is no pattern as to what they look like, aside from the fact they're not likely to end in an い。Remember that きれい is an exception. See how they operate using the example of きれい below.

    Sentence Translation
    これはきれいです。 This is pretty.

    Note that な-adjectives typically do not drop the です ending in a construction like the one above.

    When placed before a noun, a な-adjective adds a characteristic な between the adjective and the noun that follows.

    Sentence Translation
    きれいな花です。 It is a pretty flower.
  • ••• 41 People 162 @ 75% 25
    まだ
    1 words

    People 1

    Japanese verbs, including the copula です、can be used as they are with any subject, regardless of gender or number. This means that Japanese sentences often have many possible English equivalents.

    Japanese English
    がくせいです。 He's a student.
    がくせいです。 She's a student.
    がくせいです。 They're students.

    This skill introduces several words that describe people. You can reference them below.

    Japanese English
    がくせい "gakusei" student
    ともだち "tomodachi" friend
    いしゃ "isha" doctor
    せんせい "sensei" teacher
  • ••• 41 Activity 2742 @ 75% 25
    あけ · あけて · あび · あびて · おととい · かえって · かえり · けいたい · して · しめ · しめて · すぐに · すわって · すわり · せんたく · そうじ · それから · たち · たって · つけ · つけて · つとめ · つとめて · のんで · まち · まって · もって · ゆっくり · シャワー · 台 · 平日 · 持って · 掃除 · 携帯 · 書いて · 洗濯 · 話 · 読んで · 週末 · 電気 · 食べて · 飲んで
    42 words

    て-Form

    The て-form or で-form of a verb is a very important grammatical construct in Japanese that is used in several contexts.

    Requests

    ~て / 〜で + ください is used for requests. It means "please + [verb]"

    • よんでください means "please read."

    You can also attach nouns to these requests to get more specific.

    • 本をよんでください means "please read the book."
    English Short Form Polite Form Request
    do する します してください
    read よむ よみます よんでください
    turn on つける つけます つけてください
    close しめる しめます しめてください
    open あける あけます あけてください
  • ••• 41 Nature 1831 @ 75% 25
    うるさい · くもって · さいて · さき · にぎやか · 上野 · 傘 · 動物 · 動物園 · 匹 · 声 · 山 · 川 · 晴れて · 池 · 泳いで · 海 · 花瓶 · 降って · 雲 · 静か · 飛び · 飛んで · 鳴いて · 鳴き
    25 words

    What was happening?

    ~て / 〜で + います can be used to describe continuing action in the present, but did you know that you can use the -て form of the verb to describe continuing action in the past, too? Instead of  〜います, you would use 〜いました after the -て form of a verb to describe an ongoing action that occurred in the past. Look at how the verb endings can change the meaning of a sentence.

    Japanese English
    雨が降ります It rains
    雨が降っています It is raining
    雨が降りました It rained
    雨が降っていました It was raining

    Counting Small Animals

    Japanese has a lot of counter words that change depending on the object or creature being counted. Sometimes, the counter word even depends on the size of the thing being counted! For instance, the counter word 〜匹 (ひき) is used to count small animals. However, the reading of the word 〜匹 changes depending on the number that comes before it.

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    一匹 いっぴき (ippiki) one (small animal)
    二匹 ひき (nihiki) two (small animals)
    三匹 さんびき (sanbiki) three (small animals)
    四匹 よんひき (yonhiki) four (small animals)
    五匹 ひき (gohiki) five (small animals)
    六匹 ろっぴき (roppiki) six (small animals)
    七匹 ななひき (nanahiki) seven (small animals)
    八匹 はっぴき (happiki) eight (small animals)
    九匹 きゅうひき (kyuuhiki) nine (small animals)
    十匹 じゅっぴき (juppiki) ten (small animals)

    The Water Radical

    Kanji characters are made up of different component parts called radicals. Did you know that a kanji's radicals can sometimes give you a hint about the kanji's meaning? For instance, kanji containing the radical 氵often have something to do with water. If you look at the words below, you can see that they all contain the radical 氵 on the left side of the kanji character, and all of them involve water. You might have noticed this radical in other kanji you've already seen, too!

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    うみ sea
    いけ pond
    泳ぎます およぎます swim
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    いけ · いみ · いろえんぴつ · えんぴつ · おぼえ · おぼえて · おわって · おわり · かんじ · かんたん · きょうかしょ · きょうしつ · こたえ · こたえて · ことば · さあ · しって · しつもん · しゅくだい · しり · じしょ · じゅぎょう · はじまって · はじまり · ひいて · ひき · むずかしい · むずかしく · もう · もんだい · やさしい · やさしく · テスト · 宿題 · 意味 · 授業 · 教科書 · 漢字 · 見て · 言葉 · 辞書
    41 words

    て-Form

    We will now take a look at three more purposes for the て-form of verbs.

    Ongoing Actions

    ~て / 〜で + います is used for actions in progress.

    • よんでいます means "I am reading."

    We also use this construction for ongoing actions that would ordinarily use the present perfect construction in English.

    • 映画ははじまっています means "The movie has begun."

    ~て / 〜で + いません is the corresponding negative construction.

    • よんでいません means "I am not reading."
    English Short Form Polite Form Ongoing Action
    do する します しています
    read よむ よみます よんでいます
    eat たべる たべます たべています
    drink のむ のみます のんでいます

    Prohibitions

    ~て + は + いけません is used when telling someone that they must not or should not do something.

    • よんではいけません means "you must not read."

    • あの本をよんではいけません means "you must not read that book."

    English Short Form Polite Form Prohibition
    do する します してはいけません
    read よむ よみます よんではいけません
    eat たべる たべます たべてはいけません
    drink のむ のみます のんではいけません

    Linking Sentences

    We already learned the words と and や that mean "and" when combining nouns. Instead of those words, we use the て-form to link verbs together in Japanese sentences.

    • ドアを閉めて窓を開きます means " I will close the door and open the window."

    • りんごを食べて水を飲みました means "I ate the apple and drank the water."

    For the examples above, notice how the て-form is used for the first verb regardless of the tense of the overall sentence. Only the final verb indicates the tense in this construction.

  • ••• 41 Convenience Store841 @ 75% 25
  • ••• 41 Classroom 2842 @ 75% 25
    かえさないで · かえし · かえして · かえす · かさないで · かし · かして · かす · かり · かりて · かりないで · かりる · さくぶん · ざっし · じょうぎ · と · とらないで · とる · ならばないで · ならび · ぶんしょう · わたし · クラス · ペン · 問題 · 教室 · 本 · 知って · 知り · 答え · 答えて · 簡単 · 見せ · 見せて · 言い · 言って · 質問 · 鉛筆
    38 words

    He said, she said!

    When you are quoting what someone said or telling someone what something is called, you would use the particle 〜と. You can think of 〜と kind of like quotation marks in English, with the phrase coming before 〜と being the phrase that would be in quotes. Since there's no opening quotation mark like there would be with a quote in English, though, you sometimes have to figure out from context which words are being quoted.

    Japanese English
    彼はいいえ言いました。 He said "No."

    Be careful, because using the wrong particle can sometimes greatly change the meaning of your sentence.

    Japanese English
    ジョン呼んでください。 Please call me "John."
    ジョン呼んでください。 Please call John.

    Counting Long Things

    〜本 (ほん) is another Japanese counter word, and it is used to count long, cylindrical things like pens and pencils. Be careful, because the pronunciation of 〜本 also changes depending on the number before it!

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    一本 いっぽん (ippon) one (long, cylindrical thing)
    二本 ほん (nihon) two (long, cylindrical things)
    三本 さんぼん (sanbon) three (long, cylindrical things)
    四本 よんほん (yonhon) four (long, cylindrical things)
    五本 ほん (gohon) five (long, cylindrical things)
    六本 ろっぽん (roppon) six (long, cylindrical things)
    七本 ななほん (nanahon) seven (long, cylindrical things)
    八本 はっぽん (happon) eight (long, cylindrical things)
    九本 きゅうほん (kyuuhon) nine (long, cylindrical things)
    十本 じゅっぽん (juppon) ten (long, cylindrical things)
  • ••• 41 Feelings 1851 @ 75% 25
    かった · から · つまらない · つまらなかった · どうして · なかった · なぜ · んです · 大変 · 嫌 · 愛 · 暇 · 楽しかった
    13 words

    Past-Tense い-Adjectives

    To turn an い-adjective from the present to the past tense, you remove the い-ending and replace with かった. Adding a です at the end will turn it into the polite form. See the example below.

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.
    これはおいしかったです This was delicious.

    Just like with the other forms of the い-adjectives, you're allowed to drop the です ending in casual conversation.

    Sentence Translation
    これはおいしかった This was delicious.
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    あいて · あき · あちら · あぶない · あぶなかった · うんてんしゅ · おてあらい · か · かいだん · きっぷ · げんかん · こうばん · しまって · しまり · しんかんせん · じどうしゃ · そちら · そば · ちかく · でも · と · ところ · としょかん · とまって · とまり · どうやって · どちら · はし · はじめに · まち · むら · もん · ゆうびんきょく · ろう下 · アパート · エレベーター · 入り · 出 · 出口 · 切符 · 北 · 南 · 図書館 · 大きな · 小さな · 廊下 · 戸 · 村 · 東 · 橋 · 玄関 · 自動車 · 西 · 近く · 運転手 · 門 · 階 · 階段
    58 words

    Big and Small

    There a few adjectives that have both an -い and a -な adjective form. With these adjectives, it is common to use the -な adjective form when the adjective comes before the noun it is modifying. "Big" and "small" are two such adjectives.

    -い adjective -な adjective Meaning
    大き (おおき) 大き (おおき) big, large
    小さ (ちいさ) 小さ (ちいさ) small
    Japanese English
    その銀行は大きです。 That bank is big.
    それは大き銀行です。 That is a big bank.

    Big or Wide?

    The word 広い (ひろい) means "wide" and 狭い (せまい) means "narrow," but these words are often used in Japanese in situations in which we'd use the words "big" or "small" in English. For instance, when you're describing the internal area of a room as "large," you usually use the word 広い rather than 大きい . 広い is sometimes also translated as "spacious."

    Japanese English
    この病院は広いです。 This hospital is spacious. (large inside)
    この部屋は狭いです。 This room is small. (narrow inside)

    Where?

    Japanese has different levels of formality, and sometimes there are different words with the same meaning that differ by formality level. You'll encounter some of them in this skill.

    Casual Formal Meaning
    こっち こちら here, this way (close to the speaker)
    そっち そちら there, that way (close to the listener)
    あっち あちら over there, over that way (far from both the listener and the speaker)
    どっち どちら where?, which direction?
  • ••• 41 Object861 @ 75% 25
    あつい · あつく · うすい · うすく · おいて · おき · おし · おして · かみ · きって · きって · きり · すい · すって · せっけん · つかって · なくし · はこ · はって · はり · ふうとう · ふとい · ほそい · まるい · わすれ · カギ · カップ · タバコ · ハガキ · ボタン · ポケット · 使って · 石鹸 · 箱 · 紙
    35 words

    Thin and Thick

    Just like counter words, different adjectives are sometimes used depending on the objects being described. When you are talking about something being "thin," you would use a different adjective depending on the shape of the object being described.

    Japanese English
    細い (ほそい) thin (for long, cylindrical things)
    薄い (うすい) thin (for flat things)

    There are also multiple words meaning "thick," and their usage differs based on the shape of the object being described, too.

    Japanese English
    太い (ふとい) thick (for long, cylindrical things)
    厚い (あつい) thick (for flat things)

    Is it thick or is it hot?

    Remember, kanji matters! Although the three words below have the same reading, the meaning completely changes if you select the wrong kanji!

    Japanese English
    厚い (あつい) thick (for flat things)
    暑い (あつい) hot (weather)
    熱い (あつい) hot (object)
  • ••• 41 Shopping 2862 @ 75% 25
    あめ · いちばん · うわぎ · おかし · かなり · きて · ぎゅうにく · しめ · しめて · せびろ · とりにく · の · はらい · はらって · ぶたにく · ほう · もっと · や · ようふく · より · キロ · グラム · ダイヤモンド · ネクタイ · ハンカチ · バター · 上着 · 少々 · 洋服 · 牛肉 · 着て · 背広 · 袋 · 豚肉 · 鶏肉
    35 words

    This lesson introduces the very fundamentals of 敬語・けいご、also known as "respect language," as applied to verbs. Believe it or not, you've already learned some respect language, such as in the phrases "お元気ですか?" or "おねがいします!" Just like those phrases, the extra-polite constructions we introduce in this chapter also begin with お。

    We learned from earlier lessons that the most common way of asking someone to do something is with the て-form, often followed by ください。

    Japanese English
    待ってください。 Please wait. (ordinary form)

    To make the request extremely humble and polite, we take the stem of the verb from its 〜ます form and add an お〜 prefix. It's as simple as that. Although you are unlikely to use this form on a brief trip to Japan, you are certain to hear it from shopkeepers and restaurant employees.

    Japanese English
    お待ちください。 Please wait. (ultra-polite form)
  • ••• 41 Clothes 2381 @ 75% 25
    ジャケット · ドレス · ハンドバッグ · ベルト · 制服 · 半袖 · 帯 · 手袋 · 浴衣 · 着 · 着物 · 組 · 足 · 長袖 · 革 · 靴下
    16 words

    Counting Words for Clothing

    Below is a table for 足、組 and 着、the counting words introduced in this lesson. 足 is a counter that counts pairs of things you put on your feet, while 組 counts other kinds of pairs, such as pairs of gloves. 着 is a counter for suits, jackets, and kimono.

    Number Form of 足 Form of 組 Form of 着
    1・一・いち 一足・いっそく 一組・ひとくみ 一着・いっちゃく
    2・二・に 二足・にそく 二組・ふたくみ 二着・にちゃく
    3・三・さん 三足・さんぞく 三組・さんくみ 三着・さんちゃく
    4・四・よん 四足・よんそく 四組・よんくみ 四着・よんちゃく
    5・五・ご 五足・ごそく 五組・ごくみ 五着・ごちゃく
    6・六・ろく 六足・ろくそく 六組・ろっくみ 六着・ろっちゃく
    7・七・なな 七足・ななそく 七組・ななくみ 七着・ななちゃく
    8・八・はち 八足・はっそく 八組・はっくみ 八着・はっちゃく
    9・九・きゅう 九足・きゅうそく 九組・きゅうくみ 九着・きゅうちゃく
    10・十・じゅう 十足・じゅっそく 十組・じゅっくみ 十着・じゅっちゃく
  • ••• 41 Hobby 3872 @ 100% 0
    うたう · およぐ · じょうず · する · たのみ · たぶん · だ · とる · はしる · ひく · へた · やきゅう · アニメ · カラオケ · サッカー · テニス · ボール · マンガ · 上手 · 下手 · 多分 · 字 · 思い · 来る · 歌う · 泳ぐ · 行く · 見る · 読む · 走る · 野球 · 頼み
    32 words

    The Plain Form

    We use the "plain," "short" or "dictionary" form first and foremost to express the present or future tense in a casual conversation, such as between friends. We also use it to express these tenses in certain other situations before the end of a sentence.

    Without exception, all plain form verbs end in a [u] sound. In the examples below, see how the plain form endings correlate with the construction of the て-form.

    English Kanji Plain Form て-Form
    eat 食べる たべる たべて
    give - あげる あげて
    read 読む よむ よんで
    fly 飛ぶ とぶ とんで
    buy 買う かう かって
    use 使う つかう つかって

    Nominalizing Verbs with the Plain Form + の

    You can use the construction ~のがすきです to talk about things you like doing. In the example below, およぐ (swim) is the plain form of verb およぎます。When you add の to the plain form, the translation becomes either “to swim” or “swimming”. The sentence ends with ~がすきです、which means "I like."

    • Therefore, およぐのが好きです means "I like swimming" or "I like to swim."

    Remember that you can add additional information to any sentence to provide more context.

    • For example, うみでおよぐのが好きです means "I like swimming in the ocean."

    Below is a table of sample sentences that model this construction.

    Object Verb Adverb です
    はしる はやい です
    およぐ 上手 です
    テニスを する 下手 です
    アニメを 見る 好き です
    • はしるのがはやいです means "My running is fast" or "I run fast."
    • およぐのが上手です means "Your swimming is skilled" or "you are good at swimming."
    • テニスをするのが下手です means "My tennis playing is poor" or "I am bad at playing tennis."
    • アニメを見るのが好きです means "I like watching anime" or "I like to watch anime."
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    ある · いない · いる · しないで · なの · の · やって · やめ · やめて · やめないで · やめる · やらないで · やり · やる · る · カレンダー · コピー · ニュース · ノート · ページ · 作文 · 借りないで · 借りる · 取らないで · 書く · 来て · 歩く · 行かないで · 見ないで · 買う · 買って · 貸さないで · 貸す · 雑誌
    34 words

    て form: Negative Request

    ~ないでください is a negative request with the て-form (て becomes で). The first two types are called Godan (u-verbs), which you change the /u/ sound ending into /a/ sound + nai to make the negative form.

    u-verbs: ならぶ (-u) → ならばない (-anai)

    ru-verbs: みる (ru) → みない (nai)

    Type Verb Plain Negative Negative Request
    Godan line up ならぶ ならばない ならばないでください。
    Godan go いく いかない いかないでください。
    Ichidan look みる みない みないでください。
    Ichidan quit やめる やめない やめないでください。
    Irregular come くる こない こないでください
    Irregular do する しない しないでください。
  • ••• 41 Health 1891 @ 75% 25
    あった · した · た · だった · なった · ので · やせて · ん · 休んだ · 体 · 医者 · 口 · 太って · 帰った · 手 · 歯 · 病気 · 目 · 耳 · 背 · 背中 · 薬 · 足 · 運動 · 頭 · 顔 · 風邪 · 髪 · 鼻
    29 words

    The Plain Past Form

    We use the "plain past" form or "short past" form first and foremost to express the past tense in a casual conversation, such as between friends. We also use it to express the past tense in certain other situations.

    This form is constructed by taking the て-form of a verb and replacing with た (if it ends in て) or だ (if it ends in で).

    English Kanji Plain Form て-Form Plain Past
    eat 食べる たべる たべ たべ
    buy 買う かう かっ かっ
    read 読む よむ よん よん

    Just like when we create the て-form, verbs that end in くor ぐ in the plain form have irregular endings.

    English Kanji Plain Form て-Form Plain Past
    write 書く かく いて いた
    swim 泳ぐ およぐ およいで およいだ
  • ••• 41 Vacation 2332 @ 100% 0
  • ••• 41 Post Office911 @ 75% 25
    お宅 · が · ポスト · 中身 · 切手 · 変更 · 封筒 · 船便 · 通知 · 郵便 · 郵便局
    11 words

    I would like...

    NOUN+が欲しい and VERB STEM+〜たい are two ways to express that you want something. However, Japanese speakers often desire to be less direct, which is considered more polite. You can do that by adding 〜のですが or 〜んですが to the end of a request to make it less blunt. In English, you can translate sentences containing this ending as "I would like..."

    Japanese English
    葉書を送りたいです。 I want to send a postcard.
    葉書を送りたいのですが I would like to send a postcard.
    タクシーを呼んで欲しいです。 I want you to call a taxi.
    タクシーを呼んで欲しいんですが I would like you to call a taxi.
  • ••• 41 Games912 @ 75% 25
  • ••• 41 The City921 @ 75% 25

    Maid Cafes?

    There are many things you can find in Japan that aren't common in other countries. Want to dress up as your favorite anime character and get your photo taken on the street? Visit a cafe where the waitresses all dress like maids? You can find all that and more in Japan!

    Japanese English Notes
    メードカフェ Maid Cafe In maid cafes, the servers dress up like maids!
    オタク Otaku The word "otaku" is usually used in English to refer to someone who is obsessed with anime and manga, but the word is used for many other things in Japan. For instance, did you know that a 電車オタク is someone who is obsessed with trains?
    コスプレ Cosplay "Cosplay" refers to dressing up as characters, usually from anime, manga, or video games. It is short for "costume play."

    Ride the Yamanote Line!

    There are a lot of interesting and trendy areas in Tokyo, so it can be helpful to know their names if you ever choose to visit.

    Japanese Reading
    原宿 はらじゅく
    渋谷 しぶや
    秋葉原 あきはばら
    池袋 いけぶくろ
    新宿 しんじゅく

    Harajuku and Shibuya are both known for their fashion - Harajuku for street fashion and Shibuya for having many large department stores for shopping! Harajuku is a great place to go if you like to cosplay. Akihabara and Ikebukuro are interesting places for an otaku - you can buy video games, anime and manga, computer parts, and all kinds of other things! And Shinjuku is well-known for its exciting nightlife.

    The 山手線 (やまのてせん) or "Yamanote Line" is a train line in Tokyo that goes in a circle, and it makes stops in all the areas listed above. It might be better to avoid riding the train at rush hour, though - otherwise you might run into lots of サラリーマン (office workers) going to and from work, and the train might be too packed for you to get on!

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    できて · オリンピック · ゴルフ · スキー · チーム · バスケットボール · メダル · 会場 · 体操 · 卓球 · 柔道 · 楽しみ · 水泳 · 種目 · 空手 · 選手 · 金 · 金属 · 銀 · 銅 · 陸上
    21 words

    The Olympics!

    Are you looking forward to the Olympics? If you are, you can tell people that you are looking forward to something by using the phrase 楽しみにしている - or 楽しみにしています if you want to be more polite. What Olympic sport are you looking forward to the most? Who do you hope will win the 金メダル (gold medal)?

    Japanese English
    私はオリンピックを楽しみにしている! I am looking forward to the Olympics!
  • ••• 41 Ability311 @ 100% 0
    に · のに · サラダ · サンドイッチ · 両方 · 仕方 · 作り方 · 使い方 · 刑務所 · 十分 · 小説 · 書き方 · 泳ぎ方 · 読み方 · 道具 · 音
    16 words

    There are several ways of expressing one's ability to do something in Japanese.

    Potential Form

    The first and more casual way is the potential form of the verb, which changes the usual verb ending into a form that rhymes with 〜える or 〜えます。Notice how the potential form ending changes in accordance with the original ending.

    Regular Forms Potential "Can-Do" Forms
    見る・見ます 見える・見えます
    行く・行きます 行ける・行けます
    作る・作ります 作れる・作れます
    飛ぶ・飛びます 飛べる・飛べます

    When using this form, you may notice that the particle が plays a major role in describing what would normally be the object of a sentence marked with を。This is because the potential form often translates better to "is able to be" than "can."

    Regular Examples Potential "Can-Do" Examples
    見る・look at a book 見える・see a book
    音楽聞く・listen to music 音楽聞こえる・hear music

    Using できる

    The second and more formal to express ability is with the verb できる、sometimes spelled 出来る。Ordinarily, the short form of a verb attaches to the word ことができる to signify someone's ability to do something.

    Regular Examples ことができる Examples
    踊る・dance 踊ることができる・can dance
    逃げる・escape 逃げることができる・can escape

    する Verbs

    For verbs that end in 〜する or 〜します、one has no choice but to express ability with できる。The more casual way to do this is with できる by itself.

    Regular Examples 〜できる Examples
    勉強する・study 勉強できる・can study
    運動する・exercise 運動できる・can exercise

    To make the form more formal, you can add することができる to the end of the verb instead.

    Regular Examples することができる Examples
    勉強する・study 勉強することができる・can study
    運動する・exercise 運動するごとができる・can exercise
  • ••• 41 Favors932 @ 100% 0
    あんな · おかげ · か · か · くれて · けど · それで · それとも · そんな · ため · サービス · プレゼント · 君 · 夫 · 奥さん · 妻 · 必要 · 有料 · 無料 · 発音 · 行かなくて · 行き方 · 読まなくて · 買わなくて
    24 words

    Expressing favors in Japanese makes frequent use of the て-form in coordination with a set of special verbs for giving and receiving.

    あげる

    We use あげる when we ourselves do a favor for someone else. We also use it when the interaction involves only other people.

    Example Translation
    私はあなたに花を買ってあげた I bought flowers for you.
    本田は田中に花を買ってあげた Honda bought flowers for Tanaka.

    やる

    We use やる when we ourselves do a favor for someone of a lower social status, such as a child or a pet. This also applies when the interaction involves only other people.

    Example Translation
    私は娘に花を買ってやった I bought flowers for my daughter.
    本田は娘に花を買ってやった Honda bought flowers for his daughter.

    くれる

    We use くれる when someone else does a favor for us.

    Example Translation
    彼は私に花を買ってくれた He bought flowers for me.

    もらう

    We use もらう when the topic of the sentence is the one to receive the favor, as "もらう" literally means "receive." This is often translated as "had (someone) do (something)."

    Example Translation
    私は母に花を買ってもらった I had my mother buy (me) flowers.
    彼女は彼氏に花を買ってもらった She had her boyfriend buy (her) flowers.

    いただく

    You may recognize the verb いただく from the phrase いただきます、which is said before eating. いただく is a polite form of もらう、usually used when asking for a favor. In addition to いただく、one can use the verb くれる for a more casual tone.

    Example Translation
    花を買っていただけませんか Would you please buy me flowers?
    花を買ってくれませんか Would you mind buying me flowers?
  • ••• 41 Nature 2942 @ 75% 25
    光 · 太陽 · 宇宙 · 富士山 · 島 · 惑星 · 星 · 景色 · 月 · 林 · 枝 · 森 · 波 · 湖 · 火 · 火星 · 生き物 · 田舎 · 石 · 空気 · 草 · 葉
    22 words

    Onomatopoeia

    The Japanese language features many words that are known as onomatopoeia - a word that is named by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it. One of these words is きらきら, which means "sparkling." It is meant to mimic the sound one might imagine a glittering diamond or star might make. きらきら can be used as a -する verb (きらきらする) or paired with the verb 光る (きらきら光る) to further emphasize the sparkle.

    In Japanese, onomatopoeia can be commonly written in either hiragana (きらきら) or (キラキラ), depending on what you prefer stylistically.

  • ••• 41 Restaurant 2961 @ 75% 25
    いっぱい · うどん · おかず · ごちそう · そば · なし · におい · アレルギー · ステーキ · ベジタリアン · 別々 · 味 · 味噌 · 和食 · 外食 · 様 · 氷 · 汁 · 現金 · 質 · 量 · 食事
    22 words
  • ••• 41 Ecology332 @ 75% 25
    ほとんど · エネルギー · ガス · 人間 · 可能 · 土地 · 地球 · 天然 · 巨大 · 所有 · 植物 · 汚染 · 環境 · 生物 · 石油 · 自然 · 虫 · 豊か · 資源 · 野生 · 開発 · 頭
    22 words

    Counting Large Animals

    Remember, the counter word 〜匹 (ひき) is used to count small animals. Have you wondered how you would count large animals? You would use the counter word 〜頭 (とう) instead! Thankfully, the kanji is read the same way (とう) regardless of the number of large animals you are counting!

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    一頭 いっとう (ittou) one (large animal)
    二頭 とう (nitou) two (large animals)
    三頭 さんとう (santou) three (large animals)
    四頭 よんとう (yontou) four (large animals)
    五頭 とう (gotou) five (large animals)
    六頭 ろくとう (rokutou) six (large animals)
    七頭 ななとう (nanatou) seven (large animals)
    八頭 はっとう (hattou) eight (large animals)
    九頭 きゅうとう (kyuutou) nine (large animals)
    十頭 じゅっとう (juttou) or じっとう (jittou) ten (large animals)

    Hardly Any

    ほとんど is a word that can be used in a negative sentence to mean “hardly any” or “hardly (at all)” or “almost no…” Below are a few examples of its usage.

    Japanese English
    ほとんど信じられなかった I could hardly believe it.
    日本にはほとんど石油がありません There is almost no oil in Japan.
  • ••• 41 Condition971 @ 75% 25
    うまみ · さ · そう · ほど · みたい · よう · ような · ように · 変 · 大きさ · 形 · 忙しそう · 悲しみ · 易しそう · 普通 · 最初 · 最後 · 最悪 · 最新 · 最近 · 最高 · 様子 · 甘み · 痛み · 重さ · 長さ · 難しそう · 高さ
    28 words

    Appearance

    When expressing appearance in Japanese, one can choose from several grammatical expressions.

    よう

    Using the noun よう is the most basic way of expressing something's outward appearance.

    Example Translation
    彼はいそがしいようだ。 He looks busy.

    みたい

    The noun みたい is used almost exactly like よう、only it has a more casual tone. Be careful not to treat it as a verb or an adjective, although it might look like one.

    Example Translation
    古いみたいです。 It looks old.

    そう

    The noun そう is used to express how something seems or appears to be based on one's observation. It's more of an educated guess and less of a certainty than よう or みたい。

    そう is also used to describe hearsay gathered from other people. In this instance, the grammar of the word changes slightly. Verbs, for example, change from the stem form for appearance to the short form for hearsay.

    Example Translation
    雨が降りそうです。 It seems like it will rain.
    雨が降るそうです。 I hear that it will rain.

    らしい

    With respect to hearsay, らしい is used in similar contexts as そう、only it acts like any other い-adjective would.

    Example Translation
    あの映画は楽しいらしい。 I hear that movie is fun.

    Degree

    This lesson also introduces the concept of nouns formed from adjectives, much like how "sweet" becomes "sweetness" in English with an additional ending. The ability or inability to measure such nouns in Japanese plays an important role in how they are formed.

    〜さ

    If a quality can be measured objectively, its nominal form will end in さ。This is also the case for all な-adjectives, regardless of one's ability to measure them.

    Adjective Noun
    大きい・big 大きさ・size
    長い・long 長さ・length
    高い・tall 高さ・height
    重い・heavy 重さ・weight
    便利・convenient 便利さ・convenience
    きれい・pretty きれいさ・prettiness

    〜み

    If, however, a quality cannot be measured objectively, its nominal form will almost always end in み、especially if it is a feeling or flavor.

    Adjective Noun
    痛い・painful 痛み・pain
    悲しい・sad 悲しみ・sadness
    甘い・sweet 甘み・sweetness
    うまい・tasty うまみ・tastiness
  • ••• 41 Possibilities972 @ 100% 0
    あれば · いれば · えー · かな · すれば · だろう · ても · でしょう · でも · と · といい · どう · びっくり · も · もし · よかった · ら · ガラス · 一生懸命 · 値引き · 取っ手 · 名古屋 · 周り · 小浜 · 必ず · 横浜 · 機会 · 決して · 行けば · 降る · 降れば · 飲めば
    32 words

    In Japanese, there are four different expressions that translate to the English word "if."

    - Natural Consequence

    We use the word と when something is a natural, inevitable, and predictable consequence of something else. This cannot be a personal intention. It is often used when describing facts and operations, instructions, and habitual actions.

    Example Translation
    タイヤは古いと、危ないです。 If tires are old, they are dangerous.

    なら - Future Speculation

    We use なら when expressing that something will take effect in a certain context. This is often a personal intention about the future based on a given assumption about what will happen.

    Example Translation
    みんなが行くなら、私も行く。 If everyone is going, I will go as well.

    - Conditional Focus

    We can use the ば form of a verb to express a conditional sentence in almost any context. However, it is ungrammatical to use this construction when the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence and the sentence expresses a desire or prohibition. It places a special focus on what comes before it, and the outcome is usually good. The ば form sounds rather formal, so it's often used for writing and polite speech.

    Example Translation
    この薬を飲めば、よくなりますよ。 If you take this medicine, you will get better.

    たら・だら - Consequence Focus

    The use of たら or だら to end a past-tense verb presents the fewest restrictions and greatest freedom for expressing a conditional sentence in Japanese. It is often used for hypotheticals and speculations that have yet to be proven, much like the construction "if ... would ..." in English. It places a special focus on what comes after it. This is the only construction that is grammatical for a past event, or when the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence and the sentence expresses a desire or prohibition. Please refer to the example sentences below.

    Example Translation
    食べすぎたら、気持ち悪くなりました。 I got sick when I ate too much.
    Example Translation
    お酒を飲んだら、自転車に乗ってはいけません。 You must not ride your bike if you drink alcohol.

    When in doubt about which form of "if" to use, たら or だら is usually a safe bet.

    もし - Conditional Warning

    The word もし cannot express "if" by itself. Rather, it is a supplemental word generally used at the beginning of a sentence to express that a conditional is coming. It generates a backdrop of uncertainty about the information ahead.

    Example Translation
    もし時間がないなら、明日でもいい。 Supposing you do not have time, tomorrow would also be alright.
  • ••• 41 Cooking 1981 @ 75% 25
    おにぎり · たまねぎ · にんじん · にんにく · ふた · やかん · オーブン · ソース · バナナ · パスタ · 八百屋 · 大豆 · 料理人 · 新鮮 · 材料 · 油 · 流し · 生 · 豆乳 · 豆腐 · 鍋
    21 words
  • ••• 41 Science 1982 @ 75% 25

    How to measure?

    In Japanese, similar words often use different kanji characters in order to express different nuance. For instance, the character for “to measure” differs depending on the thing you’re measuring! All the words below are read はかる and all of them mean “to measure,” but the situations in which you would use each are different.

    Japanese English
    量る to measure (weight or volume)
    計る to measure (quantities, time, temperature)
    測る to measure (length, depth, width, speed)

    〜さ

    If a quality can be measured objectively, its nominal form will end in さ。This is also the case for all な-adjectives, regardless of one's ability to measure them.

    Adjective Noun
    大きい・big 大きさ・size
    長い・long 長さ・length
    高い・tall 高さ・height
    重い・heavy 重さ・weight
    便利・convenient 便利さ・convenience
    きれい・pretty きれいさ・prettiness
  • ••• 41 Emergency 11001 @ 75% 25

    Transitive and Intransitive Verb Pairs

    Remember, transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object, while intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object. Transitive and intransitive verbs often occur in pairs, and their meaning and usage differs.

    Japanese English
    起こる (おころ) take place, occur (intransitive)
    起こす (おこす) cause (transitive)

    Remember that the particle is used to mark the direct object of a sentence, so you would always use it with a transitive verb.

    Japanese English
    事故は起こった。 An accident occurred.
    事故起こした。 I caused an accident.
  • ••• 41 Transportation 21002 @ 75% 25
    エンジン · 乗り物 · 乗客 · 交差点 · 側 · 出発 · 別 · 到着 · 女性 · 専用 · 席 · 急行 · 新幹線 · 歩道 · 港 · 男性 · 終点 · 線 · 船 · 裏 · 車両 · 途中 · 駐車 · 駐車場
    24 words

    As….as possible

    できるだけ is a phrase meaning “as much as possible” or “as much as one can.” Depending on the subject of the sentence, the exact translation of the phrase can change, however.

    Japanese English
    できるだけ早くここへ来てください。 Please come here as soon as you can.
    彼はできるだけ速く走りました。 He ran as fast as he could.
    私はできるだけ多くの時間が必要です。 I need as much time as possible.
  • ••• 41 Education1011 @ 75% 25
    しか · だけ · ほんの · 入学 · 医学 · 合格 · 回 · 専攻 · 成績 · 教育 · 数 · 数学 · 文学 · 準備 · 生徒 · 科学 · 締め切り · 試験 · 講義
    19 words

    Only

    There are two ways to express the idea of “only” or “just” in Japanese. One of them is with the word だけ, which is used with affirmative sentences.

    Japanese English
    百円だけあげます。 I will give you only a hundred yen.
    見ているだけです。 I am just looking.

    Another way you can express this idea is with the word しか, which has the same meaning but is used with negative sentences in Japanese, although the meaning of the sentence is not translated in the negative.

    Japanese English
    この部屋には田中さんしかません Only Mrs. Tanaka is in this room.
    日本語の辞書を一冊しか持っていない I have only one Japanese dictionary.

    Several

    数〜 (すう〜) is a prefix that can be added to some words to mean “several….” or “a few…” Some examples are below.

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    数人 すうにん a few people, several people
    数年 すうねん a few years, several years
    数回 すうかい a few times, several times
  • ••• 41 Work 11012 @ 75% 25
    お疲れ様 · そろそろ · はんこ · もしもし · ファイル · ファックス · メール · 上司 · 事務所 · 会議 · 値段 · 名刺 · 失礼 · 工場 · 成功 · 書類 · 残業 · 無理 · 相談 · 社長 · 給料 · 複雑 · 通訳
    23 words

    Transitive and Intransitive Verb Pairs

    The English language has certain sets of verbs that are related to each other but behave differently in a sentence. Transitive verbs like "raise" or "lay" always take a grammatical object. However, intransitive verbs like "rise" or "lie" never do. The same principle works in Japanese, with the examples below.

    Transitive Verbs (take an object)

    Japanese English
    上げる・あげる raise (something)
    下げる・さげる lower (something)

    Intransitive Verbs (no object)

    Japanese English
    上がる・あがる rise
    下がる・さがる fall

    So how do you know if and when a verb is transitive or intransitive in Japanese? Aside from noticing which verbs do and do not take grammatical objects, there are a few spelling patterns that can act as clues.

    • Transitive verbs often end in え-sounds or す、like the verbs 始める (はじめる)、決める (きめる)、or 出す (だす)。
    • Their intransitive pairings often end in あ-sounds, like the verbs 始まる (はじまる) or 決まる (きまる)。

    Greetings at Work

    Greetings and set phrases are an extremely important part of Japanese work culture. Below is a sampling of some of the most important points.

    Phrase Occasion
    おはようございます A standard morning greeting, occasionally shorted to ございます、ます、or simply a loud hiss.
    お疲れ様です・おつかれさまです A mid-day greeting to acknowledge that someone is doing such a good job that they look tired from doing so.
    失礼します・しつれいします A routine apology said when entering or leaving a room.
    お先に失礼します・おさきにしつれいします A routine apology said when leaving work before other people do so.
    お疲れ様でした・おつかれさまでした A routine response to "お先に失礼します", acknowledging that the coworker's hard work has been appreciated.
  • ••• 41 Numbers82 @ 75% 25

    Only

    There are two ways to express the idea of “only” or “just” in Japanese. One of them is with the word だけ, which is used with affirmative sentences.

    Japanese English
    百円だけあげます。 I will give you only a hundred yen.
    見ているだけです。 I am just looking.

    Another way you can express this idea is with the word しか, which has the same meaning but is used with negative sentences in Japanese, although the meaning of the sentence is not translated in the negative.

    Japanese English
    この部屋には田中さんしかません Only Mrs. Tanaka is in this room.
    日本語の辞書を一冊しか持っていない I have only one Japanese dictionary.

    Several

    数〜 (すう〜) is a prefix that can be added to some words to mean “several….” or “a few…” Some examples are below.

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    数人 すうにん a few people, several people
    数年 すうねん a few years, several years
    数回 すうかい a few times, several times

    In order to…

    The phrase のに has many different uses in Japanese. One of the meanings is “in order to (perform an action).” In this construction “AのにB” would be “I did B in order to A,” in which のに follows a verb in the short form. Some examples are listed below.

    Japanese English
    父は新聞を読むのに眼鏡を掛けました。 My father put on his glasses in order to read the newspaper.
    この島へ来るのに飛行機を二回乗り換えた。 I transferred planes twice to come to this island.
  • ••• 41 Obligations501 @ 75% 25
    かどうか · ことに · なさい · はず · ほら · プラスチック · ペットボトル · リサイクル · 会話 · 倍 · 安全 · 確か · 禁止 · 禁煙 · 約束 · 責任
    16 words

    Obligations

    Two grammatical elements in Japanese are especially important when describing responsibility and expectation.

    〜はず

    The noun はず describes the way something is expected to be.

    Example Translation
    医者は医学を勉強するはずだ。 Doctors are supposed to study medicine.

    〜べき

    The noun べき、however, describes responsibilities and obligations with a more moralistic bent.

    Example Translation
    学校に行くべきです。 I should go to school.

    Because べき can come across as harsh, it is most often used to describe one's own obligations. For talking about other people, "ほうがいい" is often used instead.

    Example Translation
    学校に行ったほうがいい。 You should go to school.

    Causative Form

    The causative form is used to express the fact when someone lets or forces someone to do something. It is created by adding a form of 〜あせる or 〜あせます to the end of a verb stem. When the person who is requested to perform the action is followed by に、this usually translates to "let someone do something."

    Example Translation
    彼らは彼にアメリカへ行かせた。 They let him go to the US.

    When this person is followed by を、however, this usually implies that the person had no choice in the matter.

    Example Translation
    彼らは彼をアメリカへ行かせた。 They made him go to the US.

    This distinction is not a hard-and-fast rule, however, and the context of the sentence is usually enough to determine the difference. Either English translation is possible for either of the Japanese sentences above.

  • ••• 41 Desires 11032 @ 100% 0

    Sentence-Ending Particles な and なあ

    Oftentimes when you want to express your positive emotions in Japanese, you end the sentence with either な or なあ、with the latter expressing an even deeper sense of longing for something. This particle does not translate directly into English, but it often acts similarly to the previously-introduced particle ね、which establishes a "harmony of understanding" between the speaker and listener.

    Example Translation Emotional Depth
    いい Isn't that nice! neutral
    いい Isn't that nice! medium
    いいなあ Isn't that nice! high

    Volitional Form

    This course introduced the polite phrase 〜ましょう relatively early on. This usually translates to "let's ... " but not always. If the speaker is referring to an action that is intended to be done alone, it translates better as "I will," a kind of definitive affirmation of one's desire to do something.

    Example Translation
    私は銀行に行きましょう。 I will go to the bank.

    This lesson introduces the casual form of 〜ましょう, which is some iteration of 〜おう or 〜よう depending on the ending of the verb in question.

    Example Translation
    私は銀行に行こう I will go to the bank.
    ピザを食べよう Let's eat pizza.
    外であそぼう Let's play outside.
  • ••• 41 Thoughts401 @ 75% 25
    うそ · きっと · ずっと · たった · ちゃんと · ついに · について · まあまあ · 人生 · 単語 · 心 · 暗記 · 理由 · 秘密 · 考え · 自分 · 表現 · 言語 · 通り · 集中
    20 words

    Talking and Thinking About Something

    N+について is a phrase used in Japanese to discuss a topic being talked or thought about. It can be translated as “regarding....” or “about...”

    Japanese English
    この問題について話しました。 I talked about this problem.
    これについて考える必要がある。 I need to think about this.

    As Expected

    〜通り (とおり) is a phrase used in Japanese to express that something is “as expected.” It can be used following a verb (usually in the short form past tense) or a noun. Directly following a noun, the pronunciation sometimes changes to どおり, such as in the phrase 約束通り (やくそくどおり), which means “as promised.”

    Japanese English
    教えた通りやりなさい。 Do as I taught you.
    約束通りに宿題をした。 I did my homework as promised.
  • ••• 41 The Airport1042 @ 100% 0
  • ••• 41 Education 21051 @ 75% 25
    ああ · なるほど · メモ · 不可能 · 予習 · 具体的 · 分野 · 反応 · 学位 · 教師 · 文法 · 校長 · 欠席 · 理解 · 研究 · 科目
    16 words
  • ••• 41 Religion412 @ 75% 25
    かつて · 仏教 · 信仰 · 天国 · 宗教 · 教会 · 神社 · 神道 · 結婚式 · 葬式
    10 words
  • ••• 41 Health 21071 @ 75% 25
    ひげ · 体重 · 健康 · 働き · 入院 · 具合 · 力 · 喉 · 心臓 · 指 · 歯医者 · 注射 · 熱 · 爪 · 看護師 · 肘 · 肩 · 脳 · 腕 · 膝 · 血 · 見舞い · 調子 · 身長 · 退院 · 首 · 骨
    27 words
  • ••• 41 Seafood1072 @ 100% 0
    かっぱ · がり · たこ焼き · のり · 切れ · 回転 · 握り · 軍艦
    8 words
  • ••• 41 Society1081 @ 75% 25
    として · 人口 · 千葉 · 受付 · 地元 · 場所 · 天皇 · 山口 · 広島 · 戦争 · 文化 · 物価 · 独立 · 生活 · 番組 · 県 · 計画 · 象徴 · 首都
    19 words

    Cities and Prefectures

    Japan is divided into different areas, which are known as “prefectures.” Most of these areas will be identified by adding the character 県 (けん) to the end of the area’s name. For instance, if you lived in Yamaguchi prefecture, you would tell people you live in 山口 (やまぐちけん).

    If you’re talking about a city, you would usually add the character 市 (し) to the end of the place name. So if you lived in Chiba City, you would tell people you live in 千葉 (ちば).

    Did you know that sometimes a prefecture will contain a city of the same name? So if you live in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, you would live in both 千葉県(ちばけん) and 千葉市 (ちばし)!

    As a….

    When discussing someone’s role, you can use the word として in Japanese. The word として comes after the noun or “role” that is being discussed. In English, it’s often translated to the word “as.”

    Japanese English
    友達として私は意見を言いました。 I said my opinion as a friend.
    山口さんは地元の高校で先生として働いています。 Mr. Yamaguchi is working as a teacher at a local high school.
  • ••• 41 Feelings 21101 @ 75% 25
    がっかり · やっと · 不安 · 人気 · 冗談 · 心配 · 恋 · 愛情 · 気分 · 気持ち · 胸 · 自信
    12 words
  • ••• 41 Government442 @ 75% 25
    制度 · 可決 · 大統領 · 市長 · 政党 · 政府 · 政治家 · 法案 · 議会 · 議員 · 選挙 · 首相
    12 words
  • ••• 41 Memories451 @ 75% 25
    この間 · すみません · ながら · よかった · 世紀 · 前回 · 北海道 · 時代 · 書いて · 沖縄 · 泥棒 · 特に · 特別 · 発明 · 発見 · 運転 · 過去 · 間
    18 words

    Passive Voice

    The passive voice in Japanese is a verb form that is unique to each verb ending, yet it is always some iteration of 〜あれる or 〜あれます。

    Active Voice Passive Voice
    食べる・食べます 食べられる・食べられます
    言う・言います 言われる・言われます
    読む・読みます 読まれる・読まれます

    Remember that the topic or subject of a passive sentence is the recipient of the given action, and as such, it takes the は or が particle instead of を。

    Example Translation
    りんごは食べられた The apple was eaten.

    When the passive sentence includes a causative agent, this person or thing is marked with に。

    Example Translation
    りんごは私に食べられた The apple was eaten by me.
  • ••• 41 The Arts 11111 @ 75% 25
  • ••• 41 Weather 2812 @ 75% 25
    しかし · によると · 乾燥 · 予報 · 台風 · 地域 · 季節 · 嵐 · 急 · 気候 · 気温 · 温度 · 温度計 · 温暖 · 猛烈 · 現象 · 雷
    17 words
  • ••• 41 Law462 @ 75% 25
    ところ · 判決 · 囚人 · 宣告 · 弁護士 · 有罪 · 無罪 · 犯人 · 罪 · 裁判官 · 重大
    11 words

    It just happened!

    When you are describing an event that just occurred, you can use the phrase 〜ところ. The phrase follows directly after a verb in the short form. If the verb is in the non-past tense, it describes an action that is just about to happen. If the verb is in the past tense, it describes an event that just happened.

    Japanese English
    電車は出たところだ。 The train just left.
    映画を見に行くところだった。 I was about to go to the movies.
  • ••• 41 Plans471 @ 50% 50
    さっき · し · たいてい · のに · ばかり · も · 今回 · 以上 · 以下 · 以外 · 全員 · 再び · 博物館 · 将来 · 念 · 持って · 未来 · 次回 · 無事 · 留守 · 確認 · 見物 · 近所 · 連れて
    24 words
  • ••• 41 Cooking 2521 @ 25% 75
    お好み焼き · たっぷり · 不足 · 主 · 作物 · 保存 · 冷凍 · 冷凍庫 · 和菓子 · 地方 · 抹茶 · 白米 · 解凍 · 豊富 · 食欲
    15 words
  • ••• 41 Conflict481 @ 25% 75
    パイロット · 兵士 · 剣 · 命 · 基地 · 年々 · 弓 · 手段 · 攻撃 · 敵 · 武器 · 爆弾 · 盾 · 矢 · 銃
    15 words
  • ••• 41 Emergency 21152 @ 25% 75
  • ••• 41 Obligation 21171 @ 25% 75
  • ••• 41 Home 2351 @ 25% 75
    きちんと · じゅうたん · だらけ · ぬいぐるみ · ほこり · マンション · 余分 · 天井 · 家賃 · 居間 · 屋根 · 歯ブラシ · 歯磨き粉 · 毛布 · 炊飯器 · 畳 · 納豆 · 車庫 · 香り
    19 words
    https://d1btvuu4dwu627.cloudfront.net/bbc5b4806fd07a831f2445a3b037da58/4f06e6df3d2ab54d0558babee62d3752/web/5/1.json
  • ••• 41 Work 21091 @ 25% 75
    とりあえず · パーセント · 失敗 · 情報 · 我々 · 挨拶 · 最大 · 産業 · 用事 · 紹介 · 義務 · 自己 · 貿易 · 輸入 · 輸出 · 連絡 · 遅刻
    17 words
  • ••• 41 Honorifics502 @ 25% 75
    あいにく · しばらく · ぜひ · まま · 中止 · 何と · 握手 · 本日 · 申し訳
    9 words

    Formal Language

    This lesson showcases some of the most common instances of formal language for use in business situations.

    Nouns

    To make a noun extra formal, one places an お〜 prefix before a word of Japanese origin (typically a word with a single kanji) and a ご〜 prefix before a word of Chinese origin (typically a word with two kanji). We already learned a few examples earlier in the course.

    Ordinary Formal
    水 (みず)
    箸 (はし)
    両親 (りょうしん) 両親
    主人 (しゅじん) 主人
    迷惑 (めいわく) 迷惑

    Sometimes a noun will change completely in the transition from ordinary to formal language, often reflecting a parallel change in another part of speech, such as a verb.

    Ordinary Formal
    今日 (きょう) 本日 (ほんじつ)
    言い訳 (いいわけ) 申し訳 (もうしわけ)

    Adjectives

    Adjectives typically do not change grammatical form in formal speech, but they are replaced with more formal varieties.

    Ordinary Formal
    良い (いい・よい) 宜しい (よろしい)

    Verbs

    For verbs, there is a mixed system. As introduced in an earlier lesson, some verbs adopt an お〜 prefix and may adopt the use of the copula です。

    Ordinary Formal
    入りますか? お入りですか?
    待ってください。 お待ちください。

    Meanwhile, some verbs are replaced with more formal variants.

    Ordinary Formal
    する 致します (いたします) (one's own actions)
    する なさいます (someone else's actions)
    ある ございます
    もらう いただきます
    くれる くださいます
    行く・来る いらっしゃいます
    言う 申します (もうします)
    だ・です である (written form)
    だ・です でございます (spoken form)
    食べる 召し上がります (めしあがります)

    Remember that formal language uses the polite 〜ます form at the end of each sentence. Ending a formal sentence with the plain form, だ or だろう sounds odd and incongruous with the context.

  • ••• 41 The Bank511 @ 25% 75
  • ••• 50 Geography513 @ 25% 75
    アジア · ハワイ · 丘 · 列島 · 噴火 · 国境 · 塔 · 大部分 · 大陸 · 平ら · 故郷 · 日本海 · 横断 · 砂 · 郊外 · 頂上
    16 words
  • ••• 50 Health 31211 100
    くしゃみ · ストレス · 咳 · 患者 · 手首 · 汗 · 肌 · 肺 · 腹 · 舌 · 車椅子
    11 words
  • ••• 50 The Hotel682 100

    An Overnight Stay

    When you’re staying overnight somewhere, you would use the counter word 泊 (はく) to count the number of nights you stay somewhere. Please take note that some of the readings are irregular!

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    一泊 いっぱく (ippaku) one (night of a stay)
    二泊 はく (nihaku) two (nights of a stay)
    三泊 さんぱく (sanpaku) three (nights of a stay)
    四泊 よんはく (yonhaku) four (nights of a stay)
    五泊 はく (gohaku) five (nights of a stay)
    六泊 ろっぱく (roppaku) six (nights of a stay)
    七泊 ななはく (nanahaku) seven (nights of a stay)
    八泊 はっぱく (happaku) eight (nights of a stay)
    九泊 きゅうはく (kyuuhaku) nine (nights of a stay)
    十泊 じゅっぱく (juppaku) ten (nights of a stay)

    Below are some example sentences.

    Japanese English
    名古屋で三泊した。 I spent three nights in Nagoya.
    このホテルは一泊四万円です。 This hotel is forty thousand yen for one night.

    In a certain place…

    You can use the word ある before a noun to specify that you’re talking about a certain thing without going into specifics about it.

    Japanese English
    彼はあるホテルに泊まりました。 He stayed at a certain hotel.
    私は貴重品をいつもある所にしまっている。 I always keep my valuables in a certain place.
  • ••• 50 Transportation 3532 100
    ビザ · 列車 · 延長 · 更新 · 標識 · 歩行者 · 渋滞 · 無視 · 白線 · 目 · 辺り · 通過 · 道路 · 遠足
    14 words
  • ••• 50 The Gym1232 100
  • ••• 50 Fantasy 11241 100
  • ••• 50 Tech 11242 100
  • ••• 50 Ideas 11041 100
  • ••• 50 Events271 100
    かんぱい · すてき · 二日酔い · 令和 · 出来事 · 国旗 · 居酒屋 · 平成 · 式 · 招待 · 日常 · 日本酒 · 昭和 · 祝日 · 花火 · 行事 · 贈り物 · 飲み会
    18 words
  • ••• 50 The Train1271 100
  • ••• 50 Economics562 100
  • ••• 50 Work 31182 100
    という · 会社員 · 公務員 · 利益 · 同僚 · 年金 · 店員 · 持ち主 · 調整 · 転勤 · 農家
    11 words
  • ••• 50 Home 31162 100
  • ••• 50 News581 100
    いくつか · がち · せい · アンケート · 世論 · 余地 · 偶然 · 報道 · 日記 · 発表 · 記事 · 記者 · 議論
    13 words
  • ••• 50 Feelings 31292 100
    なんて · わがまま · ショック · 一切 · 友人 · 大嫌い · 後悔 · 我慢 · 死 · 気 · 緊張 · 退屈
    12 words
  • ••• 50 Authority1301 100
    しろ · ただ · な · な · 先輩 · 後輩 · 態度 · 来い · 止まれ · 的 · 非難 · 頑張れ
    12 words
  • ••• 50 Nature 3962 100
    パンダ · 双子 · 固体 · 巣 · 気体 · 洪水 · 液体 · 無色 · 煙 · 煙突 · 状態 · 穴 · 網 · 罠 · 雄 · 雌
    16 words

    Counting Large Animals

    Remember, the counter word 〜匹 (ひき) is used to count small animals. Have you wondered how you would count large animals? You would use the counter word 〜頭 (とう) instead! Thankfully, the kanji is read the same way (とう) regardless of the number of large animals you are counting!

    Kanji Reading Meaning
    一頭 いっとう (ittou) one (large animal)
    二頭 とう (nitou) two (large animals)
    三頭 さんとう (santou) three (large animals)
    四頭 よんとう (yontou) four (large animals)
    五頭 とう (gotou) five (large animals)
    六頭 ろくとう (rokutou) six (large animals)
    七頭 ななとう (nanatou) seven (large animals)
    八頭 はっとう (hattou) eight (large animals)
    九頭 きゅうとう (kyuutou) nine (large animals)
    十頭 じゅっとう (juttou) or じっとう (jittou) ten (large animals)

    Hardly Any

    ほとんど is a word that can be used in a negative sentence to mean “hardly any” or “hardly (at all)” or “almost no…” Below are a few examples of its usage.

    Japanese English
    ほとんど信じられなかった I could hardly believe it.
    日本にはほとんど石油がありません There is almost no oil in Japan.
  • ••• 50 Animals1311 100
  • ••• 50 Space1312 100
  • ••• 50 Casual 11321 100

    Casual Language

    Welcome to the casual language in the Japanese course! The reason that colloquial language is listed late in the tree is that we wanted you to understand the importance of politeness when speaking with strangers or coworkers.

    When you speak with friends in casual settings or watch anime, you may hear a lot of expressions that you have yet to be introduced to.

    Pronouns

    There are two male pronouns reserved for casual settings, 俺 (おれ), meaning "I" or "me," and お前 (おまえ) meaning "you." In formal settings, use of these pronouns is considered confrontational and impolite. Both 俺 and お前 sound extremely rough and masculine, which is why typically they are reserved for boys or men who are teenagers or older.

    In addition, you may hear women and girls use the pronoun あたし (sometimes written 私) to refer to themselves. This is not considered as polite as わたし、but considerably more so than 俺。

    Particle Dropping

    In polite and written Japanese, grammatical particles that mark parts of speech, such as は and が、see heavy use. However, in more casual settings, they are often dropped when the meaning is clear without them. In Japanese just as in English, formality and sentence length go hand-in-hand.

    Formal Casual
    あなたは今どこですか? 今、どこ?
    あの方はどなたですか? 彼、誰?
    それでは、行きましょう。 よし、行こう。
  • ••• 50 Desires 21331 100
  • ••• 50 Hair Salon1332 100
  • ••• 50 The Dentist1341 100
  • ••• 50 Tech 21342 100

    I didn’t mean to!

    When you’ve done something unintentionally, you can use the word つい to emphasize the fact that it was an accident. It’s often paired with the V+てしまう form, and it’s generally used to express regret over having done something you know you shouldn’t have done.

    Japanese English
    友達と話していてもついスマホを見てしまう。 Even when I am talking with my friends, I wind up looking at my smartphone unintentionally.

    This sentence has a connotation of something like, “I wind up looking at my smartphone (even though I know that I shouldn’t).”

    You can also use the word うっかり to express that you’ve done something carelessly or accidentally.

    Japanese English
    うっかりエアコンを消し忘れた。 I carelessly forgot to turn off the air conditioner.
  • ••• 50 Cooking 31142 100
  • ••• 50 Work 41281 100
  • ••• 50 People 2811 100
    どなた · デート · 人 · 女 · 女の人 · 女の子 · 方 · 生まれ · 男 · 男の人 · 男の子 · 赤ちゃん
    12 words
    女 and 男

    In this skill, you’ll encounter words about men and women and boys and girls, and you’ll see some different expressions you might use to talk about them. The word for woman is 女 (おんな) and the word for man is 男 (おとこ), but it is more polite to use the expressions 女の人 (おんなのひと) and 男の人 (おとこのひと) instead. There are also the expressions 女の子 (おんなのこ) and 男の子 (おとこのこ) which mean “girl” and “boy” respectively. Did you notice that the polite expressions for “man” and “woman” use the character for "person" - (ひと) – while the expressions for “boy” and “girl” use the character for “child” - (こ)?

    Japanese Reading English
    おんな woman
    おとこ man
    女の人 おんなのひと woman (more polite)
    男の人 おとこのひと man (more polite)
    女の子 おんなのこ girl
    男の子 おとこのこ boy

    Death

    Much like English, Japanese has more than one way to talk about death. The different words have different connotations, similar to the English language expressions “died” and “passed away.”

    Japanese Reading English
    死にました しにました died
    亡くなりました なくなりました passed away
  • ••• 50 Education 31362 100
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  • ••• 50 The Arts 21381 100
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  • ••• 50 History1392 100
  • ••• 50 Restaurant 31401 100
  • ••• 50 Nature 41022 100
  • ••• 50 Fantasy 21411 100
  • ••• 50 Casual 21412 100
  • ••• 50 The Farm1421 100
  • ••• 50 Honorifics 2921 100
  • ••• 50 Language1431 100
  • ••• 50 Feelings 41432 100
  • ••• 50 Four Seasons1471 100

    Did you know that Japan has four seasons?

    Many who have visited Japan have been asked this question, and for good reason. Unlike in many parts of the world, the four seasons in Japan are quite distinct and a core part of Japanese culture. The cyclical nature of the year has been celebrated on the archipelago for millennia with festivals, rituals, and seasonal food.

    Spring is the traditional start of the year, a time of new beginnings, a new school year, and a new year on the business calendar. Cherry blossoms bloom throughout Japan to mark the transition into spring. Families and friends gather underneath the blossoming trees and have picnics with rice dumplings (団子・だんご) and various beverages.

    Summer is remarkably hot and humid throughout Japan, especially in areas away from the mountains or the sea. Summer festivals offer a respite from the heat with flavored shaved ice (かき氷・かきごおり) and cool drinks. Near the end of summer, many in Japan return to their hometowns to celebrate the Bon Festival, a holiday to commemorate the spirits of one's ancestors.

    Autumn is the season when the maple leaves turn a colorful spectrum of red, orange, and gold. The weather cools down, and the true bounty of the harvest takes the form of the many delicacies available at this time, including baked sweet potato and a warming, broth-based stew (おでん).

    Winter is the season for heavy snow in the mountains of central Japan and throughout the north and northwest of the country. On New Years, Japanese people traditionally eat long buckwheat noodles (そば) as a wish for future health and longevity. Department stores celebrate the new year with mystery grab bags. Sapporo holds its annual snow festival in February, complete with enormous sculptures that attract visitors from around the world.

Cached // 2022-01-180.129

Hiragana 1 2 · 2020-09-10 ^

Welcome to the Japanese course!

While many consider Japanese to be very difficult to learn for native English speakers, this is only partially true. Many aspects of the Japanese language are quite simple, such as the sound system, and yes, even most of the grammar.

Writing Systems

Japanese uses three different writing systems, hiragana, katakana, and kanji.

Hiragana is the most basic Japanese syllabary. It's like an alphabet that uses syllables instead of individual sounds.

Katakana is the syllabary used to write foreign words and some noises. Although it's different from hiragana, it represents the exact same syllables.

Kanji are Chinese characters used in the Japanese language to write individual nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Kanji are not phonetic, meaning you need to memorize each pronunciation individually. In this course, we introduce kanji gradually and methodically.

Hiragana Pronunciation

Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

Japanese IPA, Notes
[a]
[i]
[ɯ], like the oo in food
[e]
[o]
[ka]
[ki]
[kɯ]
[ke]
[ko]
[sa]
[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
[se]
[so]
[ta]
[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
[te]
[to]
[na]
[ni]
[nɯ]
[ne]
[no]
[ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
[çi], like the h in human
[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
[he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
[ho]
[ma]
[mi]
[mɯ]
[me]
[mo]
[ja]
[jɯ]
[jo]
[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
[ɾi]
[ɾɯ]
[ɾe]
[ɾo]
[ɰa]
[o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with

Enjoy the course!

Basics 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Welcome to the Japanese course!

While many consider Japanese to be very difficult to learn for native English speakers, this is only partially true. Many aspects of the Japanese language are quite simple, such as the sound system, and yes, even most of the grammar.

Writing Systems

Japanese uses three different writing systems, hiragana, katakana, and kanji.

Hiragana is the most basic Japanese syllabary. It's like an alphabet that uses syllables instead of individual sounds.

Katakana is the syllabary used to write foreign words and some noises. Although it's different from hiragana, it represents the exact same syllables.

Kanji are Chinese characters used in the Japanese language to write individual nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Kanji are not phonetic, meaning you need to memorize each pronunciation individually. In this course, we introduce kanji gradually and methodically.

Basics 1

In Basics 1, we'll start introducing the hiragana writing system through six simple words.

  • すし or "sushi," the famous Japanese rice dish. す is the character for "su" and し is the character for "shi."

  • みず or "mizu," meaning "water." み is the character for "mi" and ず is the character for "zu." The two dashes on the upper-right side of ず change its pronunciation from "su" to "zu."

  • にく or "niku," meaning "meat." に is the character for "ni" and く is the character for "ku."

  • もち or "mochi," a soft Japanese rice cake. も is the character for "mo" and ち is the character for "chi."

  • そば or "soba," Japanese buckwheat noodles. そ is the character for "so" and ば is the character for "ba." The two dashes on the upper-right side of ば change its pronunciation from "ha" to "ba."

  • おちゃ or "ocha," meaning "green tea." お is the character for "o" and ちゃ is the set of characters for "cha." The regular-sized ちや would be pronounced with two syllables, "chi-ya." The small ゃ in ちゃ changes the pronunciation from "chi-ya" to "cha."

Basics 1 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Welcome to the Japanese course!

While many consider Japanese to be very difficult to learn for native English speakers, this is only partially true. Many aspects of the Japanese language are quite simple, such as the sound system, and yes, even most of the grammar.

Writing Systems

Japanese uses three different writing systems, hiragana, katakana, and kanji.

Hiragana is the most basic Japanese syllabary. It's like an alphabet that uses syllables instead of individual sounds.

Katakana is the syllabary used to write foreign words and some noises. Although it's different from hiragana, it represents the exact same syllables.

Kanji are Chinese characters used in the Japanese language to write individual nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Kanji are not phonetic, meaning you need to memorize each pronunciation individually. In this course, we introduce kanji gradually and methodically.

Basics 1

In Basics 1, we'll start introducing the hiragana writing system through six simple words.

  • すし or "sushi," the famous Japanese rice dish. す is the character for "su" and し is the character for "shi."

  • みず or "mizu," meaning "water." み is the character for "mi" and ず is the character for "zu." The two dashes on the upper-right side of ず change its pronunciation from "su" to "zu."

  • にく or "niku," meaning "meat." に is the character for "ni" and く is the character for "ku."

  • もち or "mochi," a soft Japanese rice cake. も is the character for "mo" and ち is the character for "chi."

  • そば or "soba," Japanese buckwheat noodles. そ is the character for "so" and ば is the character for "ba." The two dashes on the upper-right side of ば change its pronunciation from "ha" to "ba."

  • おちゃ or "ocha," meaning "green tea." お is the character for "o" and ちゃ is the set of characters for "cha." The regular-sized ちや would be pronounced with two syllables, "chi-ya." The small ゃ in ちゃ changes the pronunciation from "chi-ya" to "cha."

Basics 2 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Basics 2

In Basics 2, we'll continue introducing the hiragana writing system through an additional six words.

  • たかい or "takai," meaning "expensive." た is the character for "ta," か is the character for "ka," and い is the character for "i."

  • ごはん or "gohan," meaning "rice." ご is the character for "go," は is the character for "ha," and ん is the character for "n." The two dashes on the upper-right side of ご change its pronunciation from "ko" to "go."

  • おいしい or "oishii," meaning "tasty." お is the character for "o," い is the character for "i," and し is the character for "shi."

  • or "to," meaning "and." Keep in mind that と can only be used to connect nouns, not full sentences.

  • はし or "hashi," meaning "chopsticks." は is the character for "ha" and し is the character for "shi."

  • しろい or "shiroi," meaning "white." し is the character for "shi," ろ is the character for "ro," and い is the character for "i." Notice that many adjectives in Japanese end in the い or "i" character.

Hiragana 2 2 · 2020-09-10 ^

Hiragana Pronunciation

Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

Japanese IPA, Notes
[a]
[i]
[ɯ], like the oo in food
[e]
[o]
[ka]
[ki]
[kɯ]
[ke]
[ko]
[sa]
[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
[se]
[so]
[ta]
[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
[te]
[to]
[na]
[ni]
[nɯ]
[ne]
[no]
[ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
[çi], like the h in human
[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
[he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
[ho]
[ma]
[mi]
[mɯ]
[me]
[mo]
[ja]
[jɯ]
[jo]
[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
[ɾi]
[ɾɯ]
[ɾe]
[ɾo]
[ɰa]
[o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with

Numbers 1 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Numbers 1

In Numbers 1, we'll continue introducing the hiragana writing system through the Japanese numbers one through six.

  • いち or "ichi," meaning "one." い is the character for "i" and ち is the character for "chi."

  • or "ni," meaning "two."

  • さん or "san," meaning "three." さ is the character for "sa" and ん is the character for "n."

  • よん or "yon," meaning "four." よ is the character for "yo" and ん is the character for "n." Note that another word for "four" is し or "shi," but this is less common than よん。

  • or "go," meaning "five." The two dashes on the upper-right side of ご change its pronunciation from "ko" to "go."

  • ろく or "roku," meaning "six." ろ is the character for "ro" and く is the character for "ku."

Greetings 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Saying Thank You

The phrase "thank you" in Japanese is dependent on the situation. Below is a table of the most common forms, from least to most formal. Note that the formality increases with the length of the phrase.

Japanese Explanation
どうも Thanks, used with friends.
ありがとう Thank you, used with friends.
どうもありがとう Thank you very much, used with friends.
ありがとうございます Thank you, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
どうもありがとうございます Thank you very much, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.

Saying Thank You for a Past Action

If you'd like to thank someone for something they did in the past, you change the ございます ending to ございました。

Japanese Explanation
ありがとうございました Thank you for what you did, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
どうもありがとうございました Thank you very much for what you did, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.

Cafe 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Snack Time

This skill introduces two very important words in Japanese, これ and それ。

Japanese English
これ "kore" this, this one
それ "sore" that, that one

Keep in mind that これ is used to describe things that are close to the speaker, just like the English "this one." それ is used to describe things that are close to the listener, just like the English "that one."

In Town 1 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

In Town 1

In this skill, we'll continue introducing the hiragana writing system through six additional words.

  • です or "desu," meaning "is," "are," or "am." で is the character for "de" and す is the character for "su." The two dashes on the upper-right side of で change its pronunciation from "te" to "de." Notice how the final "u" sound of です is usually dropped. Most often, です is pronounced closer to "des."

  • みせ or "mise," meaning "store" or "shop." み is the character for "mi" and せ is the character for "se." Note how there are no words for "the" or "a" in Japanese. There's also no way to express that there's more than one of something. Therefore, みせ can mean "a store," "the store," "stores," or "the stores."

  • やすい or "yasui," meaning "cheap" or "inexpensive." や is the character for "ya," す is the character for "su," and い is the character for "i." Much like in English, Japanese adjectives come before the nouns they modify.

  • えき or "eki," meaning "train station." え is the character for "e" and き is the character for "ki."

  • まち or "machi," meaning "town." ま is the character for "ma" and ち is the character for "chi."

  • ちいさい or "chiisai," meaning "small." ち is the character for "chi," い is the character for "i," and さ is the character for "sa."

Hiragana 3 2 · 2020-09-10 ^

Hiragana Pronunciation

Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

Japanese IPA, Notes
[a]
[i]
[ɯ], like the oo in food
[e]
[o]
[ka]
[ki]
[kɯ]
[ke]
[ko]
[sa]
[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
[se]
[so]
[ta]
[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
[te]
[to]
[na]
[ni]
[nɯ]
[ne]
[no]
[ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
[çi], like the h in human
[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
[he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
[ho]
[ma]
[mi]
[mɯ]
[me]
[mo]
[ja]
[jɯ]
[jo]
[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
[ɾi]
[ɾɯ]
[ɾe]
[ɾo]
[ɰa]
[o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with

Hiragana 4 1 · 2018-10-25 ^

In the following skill, we introduce a few more elements to basic hiragana.

Hiragana Part II: Dakuten

Putting two little dashes or dakuten at the upper right corner of a hiragana syllable voices the consonant. It changes the pronunciation of the hiragana in the following way:

Sound Sound with Dakuten Example
k g か (ka) → が (ga)
s z さ (sa) → ざ (za), し (shi) → じ (ji)*
t d た (ta) → だ (da), つ (tsu) → づ (zu)*
h b は (ha) → ば (ba)

Putting a little circle or handakuten at the upper right corner changes the pronunciation of the は-ひ-ふ-へ-ほ hiragana in the following way:

Sound Sound with Handakuten Example
h p は (ha) → ぱ (pa)

Hiragana Part III: Small っ

Putting a っ (small tsu) between two hiragana syllables doubles the letter right after っ and introduces a short pause between two sounds. See some examples below:

Without っ With っ
きて (kite) きって (kitte)
もと (moto) もっと (motto)
あさり (asari) あっさり (assari)

Hiragana Part IV: Big and Small Characters

Lastly, this skill introduces the big and small versions of three sounds in hiragana. A small や、ゆ、or よ changes the pronunciation of a word in the following way:

Big や-ゆ-よ Small や-ゆ-よ
きや [ki-ya] きゃ [kya]
きゆ [ki-yu] きゅ [kyu]
きよ [ki-yo] きょ [kyo]

The small character changes the two-syllable construction into a one-syllable construction. Sometimes, the difference can lead to a real change in meaning, as shown below:

Big よ Small よ
びよういん [bi-yō-in] "beauty salon" びょういん [byō-in] "hospital"

Questions 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Questions

In this skill, you'll learn how to form basic questions in Japanese.

To turn a polite statement into a question, all you need to do is add the particle か or "ka" at the end of the sentence.

Japanese English
いいです。"ii desu." It's good.
いいです?"ii desu-ka?" Is it good?

We use か for all question types, regardless of whether we're talking about adjectives or nouns.

Japanese English
かさです。"kasa desu." It's an umbrella.
かさです?"kasa desu-ka?" Is it an umbrella?

In this skill, you'll also learn the Japanese words for "yes" and "no."

Japanese English
はい "hai" yes
いいえ "iie" no

Saying Hi 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Saying Hi

Below are some useful phrases for interacting with other people.

Japanese English
すみません "sumimasen" excuse me
こんにちは "konnichiwa" hello
ありがとう "arigatou" thank you

In Japanese, you can use the suffix さん or "san" at the end of someone's name to show them respect. You can use さん at the end of their given name or family name.

Japanese Name Japanese Name with さん
はな "Hana" はなさん "Hana-san"
けん "Ken" けんさん "Ken-san"
たなか "Tanaka" たなかさん "Tanaka-san"

In Japanese, we never use the さん suffix after our own name.

Animals 1 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Animals 1

Keep in mind that there are no words for a or the in Japanese. There's also no way to show if something is singular or plural. We can usually understand what someone means through context. Therefore, a Japanese word usually has several possible translations in English, as shown below.

Japanese English
いぬ "inu" a dog
いぬ "inu" the dog
いぬ "inu" dogs
いぬ "inu" the dogs

This skill introduces the names of three animals and three adjectives for describing them.

Nouns

Japanese English
いぬ "inu" dog
ねこ "neko" cat
とり "tori" bird

Adjectives

Japanese English
くろい "kuroi" black
おおきい "ookii" big
かわいい "kawaii" cute

Snack Time 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Snack Time

This skill introduces two very important words in Japanese, これ and それ。

Japanese English
これ "kore" this, this one
それ "sore" that, that one

Keep in mind that これ is used to describe things that are close to the speaker, just like the English "this one." それ is used to describe things that are close to the listener, just like the English "that one."

Katakana 3 1 · 2020-02-08 ^

More Katakana

Japanese IPA, Notes
[kɯ]
[so]
[te]
[ba]
[sa]
[ze]
[mo]
[bo]
[ho]
[ka]
[ni]
[go]
[jɯ]
[ke]
[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
[nɯ]
[bi]
[ɾe]

People 1 4 · 2021-02-15 ^

People 1

Japanese verbs, including the copula です、can be used as they are with any subject, regardless of gender or number. This means that Japanese sentences often have many possible English equivalents.

Japanese English
がくせいです。 He's a student.
がくせいです。 She's a student.
がくせいです。 They're students.

This skill introduces several words that describe people. You can reference them below.

Japanese English
がくせい "gakusei" student
ともだち "tomodachi" friend
いしゃ "isha" doctor
せんせい "sensei" teacher

Time 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
One ひと•つ いち
Two ふた•つ
Three みっ•つ さん
Time とき
Now いま こん
Minute, Part わ•かる ふん、ぶん

Time 1 1 · 2018-10-25 ^

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
One ひと•つ いち
Two ふた•つ
Three みっ•つ さん
Time とき
Now いま こん
Minute, Part わ•かる ふん、ぶん

Time 3 1 · 2019-02-06 ^

Directional Particle

The particle へ indicates a direction towards which something or someone moves. This movement is the direction away from the current location. When used as a particle, へ is pronounced as [e]. 

Location and Time Particle

The particle に with a time expression indicates a specific point in time. に can also express times on a clock, days of the week, or years.

Direction English Location or Time English
会社・かいしゃ to the office 3時・じ at 3 o’clock
学校・がっこう to school 月曜日・げつようび on Monday
日本・にほん to Japan 5月・がつ in May
アメリカ to America 2016年・ねん in 2016

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the four kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
Go い•く こう
School こう
Noon
After あと、うし•ろ

Numbers 2 · 2022-06-23 ^

Only

There are two ways to express the idea of “only” or “just” in Japanese. One of them is with the word だけ, which is used with affirmative sentences.

Japanese English
百円だけあげます。 I will give you only a hundred yen.
見ているだけです。 I am just looking.

Another way you can express this idea is with the word しか, which has the same meaning but is used with negative sentences in Japanese, although the meaning of the sentence is not translated in the negative.

Japanese English
この部屋には田中さんしかません Only Mrs. Tanaka is in this room.
日本語の辞書を一冊しか持っていない I have only one Japanese dictionary.

Several

数〜 (すう〜) is a prefix that can be added to some words to mean “several….” or “a few…” Some examples are below.

Kanji Reading Meaning
数人 すうにん a few people, several people
数年 すうねん a few years, several years
数回 すうかい a few times, several times

In order to…

The phrase のに has many different uses in Japanese. One of the meanings is “in order to (perform an action).” In this construction “AのにB” would be “I did B in order to A,” in which のに follows a verb in the short form. Some examples are listed below.

Japanese English
父は新聞を読むのに眼鏡を掛けました。 My father put on his glasses in order to read the newspaper.
この島へ来るのに飛行機を二回乗り換えた。 I transferred planes twice to come to this island.

Katakana 1 5 · 2022-06-23 ^

Katakana

This lesson will begin introducing katakana. Like hiragana, katakana is a Japanese phonetic writing system. It's used for several things, but one of the most common uses is for foreign words.

Japanese IPA, Notes
[a]
[e]
[o]
[i]
[ɾi]
[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
[ka]
[me]
[ki]
[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
[ko]
[ma]
[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"
[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
[ta]
[ɾo]
[jo]
long vowel mark, used to extend the vowel sound that precedes it

Katakana with Dakuten

Japanese IPA, Notes
[gi]
[dʑi], like the jee in jeep
[pa]
[pi]

If you sound out the words below using katakana characters, you might find some familiar words! Some of the pronunciation is a little different than its English equivalent, though.

Japanese Romaji English
カメラ kamera camera
アメリカ Amerika the US
マリア Maria Maria (female given name)
アフリカ Afurika Africa
メキシコ Mekishiko Mexico
フランス Furansu France
エリカ Erika Erika (female given name)
マリオ Mario Mario (male given name)

Just be careful - not all words written in katakana were taken from English!

Japanese Romaji English
イギリス Igirisu the UK
イタリア Itaria Italy
ローマ Rōma Rome

Not all foreign loan words in Japanese are directly equivalent to their English counterparts! For instance, in Japanese アメリカ (Amerika) isn't commonly used to refer to all of North America or to both North and South America - it's used almost exclusively to mean "the United States." However, イギリス (Igirisu) can be used to refer to both "the UK" and "England."

Home 1 · 2019-02-06 ^

The Verbs あります and います

あります and います are very special verbs in Japanese that refer to something's existence. They're often translated into English as "there is" or "there are." Even though they're often translated identically, they describe different objects:

  • あります is used for inanimate objects, like books, rooms, televisions, and apples.
  • います is used for animate objects, like people, cats, dogs, and other animals.

Japanese Counting Words

The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. You use these words when you want to mention a specific number of a certain noun. Below is how they are typically formed.

Noun Particle Number + Counter Verb
鳥・とり 二羽・にわ います
  • 鳥が二羽います means "there are two birds."

In Japanese, you also have the option of placing the number and counter before the noun, but this is less common and typically involves an additional particle.

Number + Counter Noun Particle Verb
二羽・にわ 鳥・とり います
  • 二羽の鳥がいます also means "there are two birds."

Below is a table for 羽、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 羽 is a counter used just for birds and rabbits.

Number Form of 羽
1・一・いち 一羽・いちわ
2・二・に 二羽・にわ
3・三・さん 三羽・さんわ
4・四・よん 四羽・よんわ
5・五・ご 五羽・ごわ
6・六・ろく 六羽・ろくわ
7・七・なな 七羽・しち
8・八・はち 八羽・はちわ
9・九・きゅう 九羽・きゅうわ
10・十・じゅう 十羽・じゅうわ

Kanji from this Skill

Below you will find the kanji for all of the vocabulary words in this skill.

Kanji Hiragana Meaning Components
台所 だいどころ kitchen pedestal + place
部屋 へや room division + dwelling
風呂 ふろ bath wind + spine
にわ yard, garden
いえ house
まど window
ねこ cat
いぬ dog
とり bird
椅子 いす chair chair + small thing
つくえ desk

Introduction 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

Introduction to Kanji

This lesson introduces the non-phonetic writing system of Japanese, kanji. Kanji literally means "Chinese characters," and they're used to build content words like nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

Kanji Readings

So how do you read kanji? Most kanji have at least two possible readings. Typically, one reading is derived from a native Japanese word, and one reading is derived from a Chinese loanword. These are called "kunyomi" ("meaning reading") and "onyomi" ("sound reading") respectively.

Let's take the kanji for "country," 。On its own, we use the Japanese "kunyomi" reading, くに。In Japanese, くに means "country." However, in compounds, we use the "onyomi" reading of こく。Therefore, China, 中国 or "middle country," is read as ちゅうごく。

Rendaku

So why isn't it ちゅうこく?This is due to a phenomenon known as "rendaku" or "sequential voicing." Syllables that come later in a word are sometimes voiced and marked with a dakuten. This is often rather unpredictable, so rendaku words should be memorized individually.

Example Kanji

Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this lesson, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
Person ひと じん、にん
Middle なか ちゅう
Country くに こく
Sun, Day にち、じつ
Origin, Book もと ほん
Rice Paddy でん

You may have noticed that the word Japan, or 日本 is composed of the kanji meaning "sun" and "origin." This word was first adopted by the Chinese, and to them, Japan was off to the east, the place where the sun rose or "originated."

Katakana Pronunciation

This lesson also introduces katakana, the phonetic Japanese writing system used for foreign words. See their pronunciation below.

Basic Katakana

Japanese IPA, Notes
[a]
[i]
[ɯ], like the oo in food
[e]
[o]
[ka]
[ki]
[kɯ]
[ke]
[ko]
[sa]
[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
[se]
[so]
[ta]
[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
[te]
[to]
[na]
[ni]
[nɯ]
[ne]
[no]
[ha]
[çi], like the h in human
[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
[he]
[ho]
[ma]
[mi]
[mɯ]
[me]
[mo]
[ja]
[jɯ]
[jo]
[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
[ɾi]
[ɾɯ]
[ɾe]
[ɾo]
[ɰa]
[wo] or [o], although it's used very rarely
[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"
long vowel mark, used to extend the vowel sound that precedes it

Katakana with Dakuten

Japanese IPA, Notes
[ga]
[gi]
[gɯ]
[ge]
[go]
[za]
[dʑi], like the jee in jeep
[zɯ]
[ze]
[zo]
[da]
[dʑi], like the jee in jeep
[zɯ]
[de]
[do]
[ba]
[bi]
[bɯ]
[be]
[bo]
[pa]
[pi]
[pɯ]
[pe]
[po]

Katakana 2 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

More Katakana

Japanese IPA, Notes
[do]
[pe]
[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
[na]
[da]
[bɯ]
[ɾɯ]
[be]
[mɯ]
[ne]
[to]
[ja]
[po]
[ga]
[ɯ], like the oo in food
[no]
[ɰa]
[de]

Clothes 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Wearing Clothing

Japanese has many translations for the English words "to wear" or "to put on," depending on where on the body the clothes are worn. Below are some examples taught in this lesson.

Japanese Notes
着ます (きます) wear, on the whole body or upper body
被ります (かぶります) wear, on the head
履きます (はきます) wear, on the lower body

Restaurant 3 · 2024-07-09 ^

Determiners

Just like in English, determiners in Japanese come before a noun and signify both its location and relationship with the speaker. Japanese also has two words for "that" depending on whether or not the listener is close to the noun or not.

  • この本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "this book is expensive" when the book in question is close to you but farther from the person you're speaking to.

  • その本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far from you but near the person you're speaking to.

  • あの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far away from both you and the person you're speaking to.

  • どの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) ですか? means "which book is expensive?" no matter where the book in question happens to be.

Place Marker

The particle usually shows the location of action or event, such as "at" "in" or "on" in English. で also indicates "with" "by" or "using" to show a language or tools being used.

Adjectives

This lesson also introduces Japanese adjectives, which are divided into い-adjectives and な-adjectives.

い-Adjectives

い-adjectives are true adjectives that have been in the Japanese language since the very beginning. All of them end in い、although not all adjectives that end in い are in fact い-adjectives. See how they operate using the example い-adjective おいしい、meaning "delicious."

Sentence Translation
これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.

Note that all い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech. This is grammatical as well.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしい This is delicious.

When placed before a noun, there's no change to the spelling of an い-adjective.

Sentence Translation
おいしいすしです。 It is delicious sushi.

We will be introducing the other major category of Japanese adjectives later in the course.

Large Numbers

Japanese has certain conventions for writing large numbers. Below are the kanji and readings for a few of them that will be introduced in this lesson.

Japanese English
百 (ひゃく) one hundred
千 (せん) one thousand
万 (まん) ten thousand

百 and 千 can be used in isolation to mean 100 and 1,000.

Example Translation
百円 (ひゃくえん) 100 yen
千円 (せんえん) 1,000 yen

It would sound unnatural in Japanese to write 一百 or 一千 when you have 100 or 1,000 of something. However, 万 functions with the opposite convention; when you have 10,000 of something, it is customary to put 一 in front of it.

Example Translation
万円 (いちまんえん) 10,000 yen

Introduction 2 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

Basic Grammar

One thing that makes Japanese very different from English is the Japanese tendency to drop the subject of the sentence when the meaning is clear from context. Statements usually refer to oneself, while questions usually address the person you're speaking with.

The Question Marker

Adding question marker at the end will make the affirmative (positive) sentence into question. If the sentences end in ~です, it’s easy to formulate questions by using ~ですか。

Positive Question
アメリカ人です。(I’m American.) アメリカ人です。(Are you American?)
がくせいです。(I’m a student.) がくせいです。(Are you a student?)

Pronouns

Pronouns are relatively rare in Japanese, but they are sometimes used to explicitly specify the subject or topic of a sentence. Below are some of the most common ones.

Person Singular Plural
First 私・わたし is used in polite settings by women and men, used by women in most other settings. 僕・ぼく is used by men in informal settings. 私たち・わたしたち is most common. 我々・われわれ sounds rather stiff and business-like.
Second あなた is used in polite settings, however, if you know someone's name, it's best to call them by their name, typically followed by さん or せんせい。君・きみ is used by men in informal settings, specifically to those on or beneath one's social level. あなたたち is used in formal settings, and 君たち・きみたち is used in informal settings, especially to subordinates.
Third - Male 彼・かれ 彼ら・かれら is also used for a mixed-gendered group
Third - Female 彼女・かのじょ 彼女たち・かのじょたち

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the eight kanji that are introduced in this lesson, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
Education まな•ぶ がく
Born, Raw なま、い•きる せい
Previous さき せん
English えい
Language かた•る
What なに
Name めい、みょう
Before まえ ぜん

Family 1 · 2018-10-25 ^

Familial Terms

Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
Older Brother お兄さん (おにいさん) 兄 (あに)
Older Sister お姉さん (おねえさん) 姉 (あね)
Younger Brother 弟さん (おとうとさん) 弟 (おとうと)
Younger Sister 妹さん (いもうとさん) 妹 (いもうと)
Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
Parents ご両親 (ごりょうしん) 両親 (りょうしん)
Father お父さん (おとうさん) 父 (ちち)
Mother お母さん (おかあさん) 母 (はは)
Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)
Uncle Older than Parent 伯父さん (おじさん) 伯父 (おじ)
Aunt Older than Parent 伯母さん (おばさん) 伯母 (おば)
Uncle Younger than Parent 叔父さん (おじさん) 叔父 (おじ)
Aunt Younger than Parent 叔母さん (おばさん) 叔母 (おば)
Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)

Arriving and Departing Phrases

This skill also teaches a special set of Japanese phrases when someone enters or exits a home. These are in widespread use throughout Japan.

One makes the statement when one either departs from or arrives in a home, and one makes the response upon hearing the corresponding statement.

Statement Response
When Departing いってきます いってらっしゃい
Translation "I'm leaving!" "Take care!"
When Returning ただいま おかえりなさい
Translation "I'm home!" "Welcome back!"

Food 1 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

Object Particle

The marker is attached to things or people, and means that they are the target of the verb. Subjects are often omitted in Japanese sentences. Unlike English, the location of the verbs are usually at the end of the sentence. を was once pronounced wo, but now it’s the [o] sound.

Object Verb English
みず のみます。 I drink water.
さかな たべます。 I eat fish.

General Pronouns

This lesson also introduces the general pronouns これ、それ、あれ、and どれ、which translate to "this," "that," "that (over there)," and "which (one)," respectively.

Japanese これ それ あれ どれ
English this that that (over there) which
Notes closer to the speaker closer to the listener far from both the speaker and listener question

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the two kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
Water みず すい
Eat た•べる しょく

Routines 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Directional Particle

The particle へ indicates a direction towards which something or someone moves. This movement is the direction away from the current location. When used as a particle, へ is pronounced as [e]. 

Location and Time Particle

The particle に with a time expression indicates a specific point in time. に can also express times on a clock, days of the week, or years.

Direction English Location or Time English
会社・かいしゃ to the office 3時・じ at 3 o’clock
学校・がっこう to school 月曜日・げつようび on Monday
日本・にほん to Japan 5月・がつ in May
アメリカ to America 2016年・ねん in 2016

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the four kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
Go い•く こう
School こう
Noon
After あと、うし•ろ

Transportation 1 · 2018-10-25 ^

Negative い-Adjectives

When い-adjectives are switched from positive to negative, they undergo a spelling change. The characteristic い-ending switches to a く、and the phrase meaning "not" is added to the end. The final result is an ending such as くないです。See the example below.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.
これはおいしくないです This is not delicious.

Just like with positive い-adjectives, all negative い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしくない This is not delicious.

To make the speech more formal, one can change the ending from くないです to くありません。

Sentence Translation
これはおいしくありません This is not delicious.

Family 1 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

Familial Terms

Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
Older Brother お兄さん (おにいさん) 兄 (あに)
Older Sister お姉さん (おねえさん) 姉 (あね)
Younger Brother 弟さん (おとうとさん) 弟 (おとうと)
Younger Sister 妹さん (いもうとさん) 妹 (いもうと)
Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
Parents ご両親 (ごりょうしん) 両親 (りょうしん)
Father お父さん (おとうさん) 父 (ちち)
Mother お母さん (おかあさん) 母 (はは)
Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)
Uncle Older than Parent 伯父さん (おじさん) 伯父 (おじ)
Aunt Older than Parent 伯母さん (おばさん) 伯母 (おば)
Uncle Younger than Parent 叔父さん (おじさん) 叔父 (おじ)
Aunt Younger than Parent 叔母さん (おばさん) 叔母 (おば)
Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)

Emergency 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Transitive and Intransitive Verb Pairs

Remember, transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object, while intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object. Transitive and intransitive verbs often occur in pairs, and their meaning and usage differs.

Japanese English
起こる (おころ) take place, occur (intransitive)
起こす (おこす) cause (transitive)

Remember that the particle is used to mark the direct object of a sentence, so you would always use it with a transitive verb.

Japanese English
事故は起こった。 An accident occurred.
事故起こした。 I caused an accident.

Family 2 7 · 2024-07-09 ^

Familial Terms

Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)
Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)

Not your uncle but your grandfather!

Sometimes, changing just one character can entirely change the meaning of a word. Japanese learners often make this mistake with the words for uncle/grandfather and aunt/grandmother. Please double-check the length of your vowel!

Japanese English
おじさん uncle
おじさん grandfather
おばさん aunt
おばさん grandmother

Arriving and Departing Phrases

This skill also teaches a special set of Japanese phrases when someone enters or exits a home. These are in widespread use throughout Japan.

One makes the statement when one either departs from or arrives in a home, and one makes the response upon hearing the corresponding statement.

Statement Response
When Departing いってきます いってらっしゃい
Translation "I'm leaving!" "Take care!"
When Returning ただいま おかえりなさい
Translation "I'm home!" "Welcome back!"

Direction 1 2 · 2021-02-15 ^

Big and Small

There a few adjectives that have both an -い and a -な adjective form. With these adjectives, it is common to use the -な adjective form when the adjective comes before the noun it is modifying. "Big" and "small" are two such adjectives.

-い adjective -な adjective Meaning
大き (おおき) 大き (おおき) big, large
小さ (ちいさ) 小さ (ちいさ) small
Japanese English
その銀行は大きです。 That bank is big.
それは大き銀行です。 That is a big bank.

Big or Wide?

The word 広い (ひろい) means "wide" and 狭い (せまい) means "narrow," but these words are often used in Japanese in situations in which we'd use the words "big" or "small" in English. For instance, when you're describing the internal area of a room as "large," you usually use the word 広い rather than 大きい . 広い is sometimes also translated as "spacious."

Japanese English
この病院は広いです。 This hospital is spacious. (large inside)
この部屋は狭いです。 This room is small. (narrow inside)

Where?

Japanese has different levels of formality, and sometimes there are different words with the same meaning that differ by formality level. You'll encounter some of them in this skill.

Casual Formal Meaning
こっち こちら here, this way (close to the speaker)
そっち そちら there, that way (close to the listener)
あっち あちら over there, over that way (far from both the listener and the speaker)
どっち どちら where?, which direction?

Feeling 1 · 2018-10-25 ^

Past-Tense い-Adjectives

To turn an い-adjective from the present to the past tense, you remove the い-ending and replace with かった. Adding a です at the end will turn it into the polite form. See the example below.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.
これはおいしかったです This was delicious.

Just like with the other forms of the い-adjectives, you're allowed to drop the です ending in casual conversation.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしかった This was delicious.

Health 1 · 2018-10-25 ^

The Short Past Form

The short past form is made by taking the て-form of the verb and replacing with た or だ.

Verb Kanji Plain Form て-Form Past
write 書く かく かいて かいた
swim 泳ぐ およぐ およいで およいだ
rest 休む やすむ やすんで やすんだ
play 遊ぶ あそぶ あそんで あそんだ
buy 買う かう かって かった

Time 2 4 · 2023-10-25 ^

Kanji from this Skill

Below is a table of the eight kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

Kanji Meaning Kunyomi Reading Onyomi Reading
Four よん、よっ•つ
Five いつ•つ
Six むっ•つ ろく
Seven なな、なな•つ しち
Eight やっ•つ はち
Nine ここの•つ きゅう、く
Ten とお じゅう
Half なか•ば はん

Direction 3 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

This skill introduces three important suffixes in the Japanese language. The words that use them are called indefinite, negative, and inclusive word ranges. See how they work below.

Question Indefinite Negative Inclusive
Base Form + + + でも
誰 (だれ) who? 誰か (だれか) someone 誰も (だれも) no one 誰でも (だれでも) anyone
何 (なに) what? 何か (なにか) something 何も (なにも) nothing 何でも (なんでも) anything
いつ when? いつか some time いつも always, never (with negative verbs) いつでも at any time
どこ where? どこか somewhere どこも nowhere どこでも anywhere
どう how? どうか somehow どうも in no way どうでも anyhow

Keep in mind that for most of the words in the negative word range, Japanese uses a double negative for full sentences.

  • ここにはだれもません
  • Here, no one is not. (There is no one here.)

Japanese Subculture 1 · 2020-01-03 ^

Maid Cafes?

There are many things you can find in Japan that aren't common in other countries. Want to dress up as your favorite anime character and get your photo taken on the street? Visit a cafe where the waitresses all dress like maids? You can find all that and more in Japan!

Japanese English Notes
メードカフェ Maid Cafe In maid cafes, the servers dress up like maids!
オタク Otaku The word "otaku" is usually used in English to refer to someone who is obsessed with anime and manga, but the word is used for many other things in Japan. For instance, did you know that a 電車オタク is someone who is obsessed with trains?
コスプレ Cosplay "Cosplay" refers to dressing up as characters, usually from anime, manga, or video games. It is short for "costume play."

Tokyo!

There are a lot of interesting and trendy areas in Tokyo, so it can be helpful to know their names if you ever choose to visit.

Japanese Reading
原宿 はらじゅく
渋谷 しぶや
秋葉原 あきはばら
池袋 いけぶくろ

Harajuku and Shibuya are both known for their fashion - Harajuku for street fashion and Shibuya for having many large department stores for shopping! Harajuku is a great place to go if you like to cosplay. Akihabara and Ikebukuro are interesting places for an otaku - you can buy video games, anime and manga, computer parts, and all kinds of other things!

Counting 4 · 2023-10-25 ^

Japanese Counting Words

The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. Below is a table for つ and 個、the counting words introduced in this lesson. つ is a counter that can be used for anything, while 個 is restricted to physical objects that are relatively small and round.

Number Form of つ Form of 個
1・一・いち 一つ・ひとつ 一個・いっこ
2・二・に 二つ・ふたつ 二個・にこ
3・三・さん 三つ・みっつ 三個・さんこ
4・四・よん 四つ・よっつ 四個・よんこ
5・五・ご 五つ・いつつ 五個・ごこ
6・六・ろく 六つ・むっつ 六個・ろっこ
7・七・なな 七つ・ななつ 七個・ななこ
8・八・はち 八つ・やっつ 八個・はっこ
9・九・きゅう 九つ・ここのつ 九個・きゅうこ
10・十・じゅう 十・とお 十個・じゅっこ

Ability 3 · 2020-06-12 ^

There are several ways of expressing one's ability to do something in Japanese.

Potential Form

The first and more casual way is the potential form of the verb, which changes the usual verb ending into a form that rhymes with 〜える or 〜えます。Notice how the potential form ending changes in accordance with the original ending.

Regular Forms Potential "Can-Do" Forms
見る・見ます 見える・見えます
行く・行きます 行ける・行けます
作る・作ります 作れる・作れます
飛ぶ・飛びます 飛べる・飛べます

When using this form, you may notice that the particle が plays a major role in describing what would normally be the object of a sentence marked with を。This is because the potential form often translates better to "is able to be" than "can."

Regular Examples Potential "Can-Do" Examples
見る・look at a book 見える・see a book
音楽聞く・listen to music 音楽聞こえる・hear music

Using できる

The second and more formal to express ability is with the verb できる、sometimes spelled 出来る。Ordinarily, the short form of a verb attaches to the word ことができる to signify someone's ability to do something.

Regular Examples ことができる Examples
踊る・dance 踊ることができる・can dance
逃げる・escape 逃げることができる・can escape

する Verbs

For verbs that end in 〜する or 〜します、one has no choice but to express ability with できる。The more casual way to do this is with できる by itself.

Regular Examples 〜できる Examples
勉強する・study 勉強できる・can study
運動する・exercise 運動できる・can exercise

To make the form more formal, you can add することができる to the end of the verb instead.

Regular Examples することができる Examples
勉強する・study 勉強することができる・can study
運動する・exercise 運動するごとができる・can exercise

Ecology 1 · 2020-01-03 ^

Counting Large Animals

Remember, the counter word 〜匹 (ひき) is used to count small animals. Have you wondered how you would count large animals? You would use the counter word 〜頭 (とう) instead! Thankfully, the kanji is read the same way (とう) regardless of the number of large animals you are counting!

Kanji Reading Meaning
一頭 いっとう (ittou) one (large animal)
二頭 とう (nitou) two (large animals)
三頭 さんとう (santou) three (large animals)
四頭 よんとう (yontou) four (large animals)
五頭 とう (gotou) five (large animals)
六頭 ろくとう (rokutou) six (large animals)
七頭 ななとう (nanatou) seven (large animals)
八頭 はっとう (hattou) eight (large animals)
九頭 きゅうとう (kyuutou) nine (large animals)
十頭 じゅっとう (juttou) or じっとう (jittou) ten (large animals)

Hardly Any

ほとんど is a word that can be used in a negative sentence to mean “hardly any” or “hardly (at all)” or “almost no…” Below are a few examples of its usage.

Japanese English
ほとんど信じられなかった I could hardly believe it.
日本にはほとんど石油がありません There is almost no oil in Japan.

Clothes 2 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Counting Words for Clothing

Below is a table for 足、組 and 着、the counting words introduced in this lesson. 足 is a counter that counts pairs of things you put on your feet, while 組 counts other kinds of pairs, such as pairs of gloves. 着 is a counter for suits, jackets, and kimono.

Number Form of 足 Form of 組 Form of 着
1・一・いち 一足・いっそく 一組・ひとくみ 一着・いっちゃく
2・二・に 二足・にそく 二組・ふたくみ 二着・にちゃく
3・三・さん 三足・さんぞく 三組・さんくみ 三着・さんちゃく
4・四・よん 四足・よんそく 四組・よんくみ 四着・よんちゃく
5・五・ご 五足・ごそく 五組・ごくみ 五着・ごちゃく
6・六・ろく 六足・ろくそく 六組・ろっくみ 六着・ろっちゃく
7・七・なな 七足・ななそく 七組・ななくみ 七着・ななちゃく
8・八・はち 八足・はっそく 八組・はっくみ 八着・はっちゃく
9・九・きゅう 九足・きゅうそく 九組・きゅうくみ 九着・きゅうちゃく
10・十・じゅう 十足・じゅっそく 十組・じゅっくみ 十着・じゅっちゃく

Desires 1 · 2019-05-15 ^

Sentence-Ending Particles な and なあ

Oftentimes when you want to express your positive emotions in Japanese, you end the sentence with either な or なあ、with the latter expressing an even deeper sense of longing for something. This particle does not translate directly into English, but it often acts similarly to the previously-introduced particle ね、which establishes a "harmony of understanding" between the speaker and listener.

Example Translation Emotional Depth
いい Isn't that nice! neutral
いい Isn't that nice! medium
いいなあ Isn't that nice! high

Volitional Form

This course introduced the polite phrase 〜ましょう relatively early on. This usually translates to "let's ... " but not always. If the speaker is referring to an action that is intended to be done alone, it translates better as "I will," a kind of definitive affirmation of one's desire to do something.

Example Translation
私は銀行に行きましょう。 I will go to the bank.

This lesson introduces the casual form of 〜ましょう, which is some iteration of 〜おう or 〜よう depending on the ending of the verb in question.

Example Translation
私は銀行に行こう I will go to the bank.
ピザを食べよう Let's eat pizza.
外であそぼう Let's play outside.

Thoughts 1 · 2020-01-04 ^

Talking and Thinking About Something

N+について is a phrase used in Japanese to discuss a topic being talked or thought about. It can be translated as “regarding....” or “about...”

Japanese English
この問題について話しました。 I talked about this problem.
これについて考える必要がある。 I need to think about this.

As Expected

〜通り (とおり) is a phrase used in Japanese to express that something is “as expected.” It can be used following a verb (usually in the short form past tense) or a noun. Directly following a noun, the pronunciation sometimes changes to どおり, such as in the phrase 約束通り (やくそくどおり), which means “as promised.”

Japanese English
教えた通りやりなさい。 Do as I taught you.
約束通りに宿題をした。 I did my homework as promised.

Possibilities 1 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

In Japanese, there are four different expressions that translate to the English word "if."

- Natural Consequence

We use the word と when something is a natural, inevitable, and predictable consequence of something else. This cannot be a personal intention. It is often used when describing facts and operations, instructions, and habitual actions.

Example Translation
タイヤは古いと、危ないです。 If tires are old, they are dangerous.

なら - Future Speculation

We use なら when expressing that something will take effect in a certain context. This is often a personal intention about the future based on a given assumption about what will happen.

Example Translation
みんなが行くなら、私も行く。 If everyone is going, I will go as well.

- Conditional Focus

We can use the ば form of a verb to express a conditional sentence in almost any context. However, it is ungrammatical to use this construction when the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence and the sentence expresses a desire or prohibition. It places a special focus on what comes before it, and the outcome is usually good. The ば form sounds rather formal, so it's often used for writing and polite speech.

Example Translation
この薬を飲めば、よくなりますよ。 If you take this medicine, you will get better.

たら・だら - Consequence Focus

The use of たら or だら to end a past-tense verb presents the fewest restrictions and greatest freedom for expressing a conditional sentence in Japanese. It is often used for hypotheticals and speculations that have yet to be proven, much like the construction "if ... would ..." in English. It places a special focus on what comes after it. This is the only construction that is grammatical for a past event, or when the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence and the sentence expresses a desire or prohibition. Please refer to the example sentences below.

Example Translation
食べすぎたら、気持ち悪くなりました。 I got sick when I ate too much.
Example Translation
お酒を飲んだら、自転車に乗ってはいけません。 You must not ride your bike if you drink alcohol.

When in doubt about which form of "if" to use, たら or だら is usually a safe bet.

もし - Conditional Warning

The word もし cannot express "if" by itself. Rather, it is a supplemental word generally used at the beginning of a sentence to express that a conditional is coming. It generates a backdrop of uncertainty about the information ahead.

Example Translation
もし時間がないなら、明日でもいい。 Supposing you do not have time, tomorrow would also be alright.

Memories 1 · 2019-05-15 ^

Passive Voice

The passive voice in Japanese is a verb form that is unique to each verb ending, yet it is always some iteration of 〜あれる or 〜あれます。

Active Voice Passive Voice
食べる・食べます 食べられる・食べられます
言う・言います 言われる・言われます
読む・読みます 読まれる・読まれます

Remember that the topic or subject of a passive sentence is the recipient of the given action, and as such, it takes the は or が particle instead of を。

Example Translation
りんごは食べられた The apple was eaten.

When the passive sentence includes a causative agent, this person or thing is marked with に。

Example Translation
りんごは私に食べられた The apple was eaten by me.

Numbers 3 1 · 2020-12-16 ^

Only

There are two ways to express the idea of “only” or “just” in Japanese. One of them is with the word だけ, which is used with affirmative sentences.

Japanese English
百円だけあげます。 I will give you only a hundred yen.
見ているだけです。 I am just looking.

Another way you can express this idea is with the word しか, which has the same meaning but is used with negative sentences in Japanese, although the meaning of the sentence is not translated in the negative.

Japanese English
この部屋には田中さんしかません Only Mrs. Tanaka is in this room.
日本語の辞書を一冊しか持っていない I have only one Japanese dictionary.

Several

数〜 (すう〜) is a prefix that can be added to some words to mean “several….” or “a few…” Some examples are below.

Kanji Reading Meaning
数人 すうにん a few people, several people
数年 すうねん a few years, several years
数回 すうかい a few times, several times

In order to…

The phrase のに has many different uses in Japanese. One of the meanings is “in order to (perform an action).” In this construction “AのにB” would be “I did B in order to A,” in which のに follows a verb in the short form. Some examples are listed below.

Japanese English
父は新聞を読むのに眼鏡を掛けました。 My father put on his glasses in order to read the newspaper.
この島へ来るのに飛行機を二回乗り換えた。 I transferred planes twice to come to this island.

Law 1 · 2020-01-07 ^

It just happened!

When you are describing an event that just occurred, you can use the phrase 〜ところ. The phrase follows directly after a verb in the short form. If the verb is in the non-past tense, it describes an action that is just about to happen. If the verb is in the past tense, it describes an event that just happened.

Japanese English
電車は出たところだ。 The train just left.
映画を見に行くところだった。 I was about to go to the movies.

Obligations 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

Obligations

Two grammatical elements in Japanese are especially important when describing responsibility and expectation.

〜はず

The noun はず describes the way something is expected to be.

Example Translation
医者は医学を勉強するはずだ。 Doctors are supposed to study medicine.

〜べき

The noun べき、however, describes responsibilities and obligations with a more moralistic bent.

Example Translation
学校に行くべきです。 I should go to school.

Because べき can come across as harsh, it is most often used to describe one's own obligations. For talking about other people, "ほうがいい" is often used instead.

Example Translation
学校に行ったほうがいい。 You should go to school.

Causative Form

The causative form is used to express the fact when someone lets or forces someone to do something. It is created by adding a form of 〜あせる or 〜あせます to the end of a verb stem. When the person who is requested to perform the action is followed by に、this usually translates to "let someone do something."

Example Translation
彼らは彼にアメリカへ行かせた。 They let him go to the US.

When this person is followed by を、however, this usually implies that the person had no choice in the matter.

Example Translation
彼らは彼をアメリカへ行かせた。 They made him go to the US.

This distinction is not a hard-and-fast rule, however, and the context of the sentence is usually enough to determine the difference. Either English translation is possible for either of the Japanese sentences above.

Hotel 1 · 2020-01-08 ^

An Overnight Stay

When you’re staying overnight somewhere, you would use the counter word 泊 (はく) to count the number of nights you stay somewhere. Please take note that some of the readings are irregular!

Kanji Reading Meaning
一泊 いっぱく (ippaku) one (night of a stay)
二泊 はく (nihaku) two (nights of a stay)
三泊 さんぱく (sanpaku) three (nights of a stay)
四泊 よんはく (yonhaku) four (nights of a stay)
五泊 はく (gohaku) five (nights of a stay)
六泊 ろっぱく (roppaku) six (nights of a stay)
七泊 ななはく (nanahaku) seven (nights of a stay)
八泊 はっぱく (happaku) eight (nights of a stay)
九泊 きゅうはく (kyuuhaku) nine (nights of a stay)
十泊 じゅっぱく (juppaku) ten (nights of a stay)

Below are some example sentences.

Japanese English
名古屋で三泊した。 I spent three nights in Nagoya.
このホテルは一泊四万円です。 This hotel is forty thousand yen for one night.

In a certain place…

You can use the word ある before a noun to specify that you’re talking about a certain thing without going into specifics about it.

Japanese English
彼はあるホテルに泊まりました。 He stayed at a certain hotel.
私は貴重品をいつもある所にしまっている。 I always keep my valuables in a certain place.

Honorifics 1 · 2019-05-15 ^

Formal Language

This lesson showcases some of the most common instances of formal language for use in business situations.

Nouns

To make a noun extra formal, one places an お〜 prefix before a word of Japanese origin (typically a word with a single kanji) and a ご〜 prefix before a word of Chinese origin (typically a word with two kanji). We already learned a few examples earlier in the course.

Ordinary Formal
水 (みず)
箸 (はし)
両親 (りょうしん) 両親
主人 (しゅじん) 主人
迷惑 (めいわく) 迷惑

Sometimes a noun will change completely in the transition from ordinary to formal language, often reflecting a parallel change in another part of speech, such as a verb.

Ordinary Formal
今日 (きょう) 本日 (ほんじつ)
言い訳 (いいわけ) 申し訳 (もうしわけ)

Adjectives

Adjectives typically do not change grammatical form in formal speech, but they are replaced with more formal varieties.

Ordinary Formal
良い (いい・よい) 宜しい (よろしい)

Verbs

For verbs, there is a mixed system. As introduced in an earlier lesson, some verbs adopt an お〜 prefix and may adopt the use of the copula です。

Ordinary Formal
入りますか? お入りですか?
待ってください。 お待ちください。

Meanwhile, some verbs are replaced with more formal variants.

Ordinary Formal
する 致します (いたします) (one's own actions)
する なさいます (someone else's actions)
ある ございます
もらう いただきます
くれる くださいます
行く・来る いらっしゃいます
言う 申します (もうします)
だ・です である (written form)
だ・です でございます (spoken form)
食べる 召し上がります (めしあがります)

Remember that formal language uses the polite 〜ます form at the end of each sentence. Ending a formal sentence with the plain form, だ or だろう sounds odd and incongruous with the context.

Technology 1 · 2020-01-14 ^

I didn’t mean to!

When you’ve done something unintentionally, you can use the word つい to emphasize the fact that it was an accident. It’s often paired with the V+てしまう form, and it’s generally used to express regret over having done something you know you shouldn’t have done.

Japanese English
友達と話していてもついスマホを見てしまう。 Even when I am talking with my friends, I wind up looking at my smartphone unintentionally.

This sentence has a connotation of something like, “I wind up looking at my smartphone (even though I know that I shouldn’t).”

You can also use the word うっかり to express that you’ve done something carelessly or accidentally.

Japanese English
うっかりエアコンを消し忘れた。 I carelessly forgot to turn off the air conditioner.

Transportation 3 1 · 2020-01-13 ^

Stop!

Don’t forget about transitive and intransitive verbs! Transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object, while intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object. Transitive and intransitive verbs often occur in pairs, and even though the dictionary definition for both words is sometimes the same, their usage differs.

Japanese English
止める (とめる) to stop (transitive)
止まる (とまる) to stop (intransitive)

Remember that the particle is used to mark the direct object of a sentence, so you would use it with a transitive verb.

Japanese English
運転手は急に車止めた。 The driver suddenly stopped the car.
バスが急に止まった。 The bus stopped suddenly.

Colloquial 1 · 2019-05-15 ^

Colloquial Language

Welcome to the final skill in the Japanese course! The reason that colloquial language is listed as the final skill is that we wanted you to understand the importance of politeness when speaking with strangers or coworkers.

When you speak with friends in casual settings or watch anime, you may hear a lot of expressions that you have yet to be introduced to.

Pronouns

There are two male pronouns reserved for casual settings, 俺 (おれ), meaning "I" or "me," and お前 (おまえ) meaning "you." In formal settings, use of these pronouns is considered confrontational and impolite. Both 俺 and お前 sound extremely rough and masculine, which is why typically they are reserved for boys or men who are teenagers or older.

In addition, you may hear women and girls use the pronoun あたし (sometimes written 私) to refer to themselves. This is not considered as polite as わたし、but considerably more so than 俺。

Particle Dropping

In polite and written Japanese, grammatical particles that mark parts of speech, such as は and が、see heavy use. However, in more casual settings, they are often dropped when the meaning is clear without them. In Japanese just as in English, formality and sentence length go hand-in-hand.

Formal Casual
あなたは今どこですか? 今、どこ?
あの方はどなたですか? 彼、誰?
それでは、行きましょう。 よし、行こう。

In Town 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

In Town 1

In this skill, we'll continue introducing the hiragana writing system through six additional words.

  • です or "desu," meaning "is," "are," or "am." で is the character for "de" and す is the character for "su." The two dashes on the upper-right side of で change its pronunciation from "te" to "de." Notice how the final "u" sound of です is usually dropped. Most often, です is pronounced closer to "des."

  • みせ or "mise," meaning "store" or "shop." み is the character for "mi" and せ is the character for "se." Note how there are no words for "the" or "a" in Japanese. There's also no way to express that there's more than one of something. Therefore, みせ can mean "a store," "the store," "stores," or "the stores."

  • やすい or "yasui," meaning "cheap" or "inexpensive." や is the character for "ya," す is the character for "su," and い is the character for "i." Much like in English, Japanese adjectives come before the nouns they modify.

  • えき or "eki," meaning "train station." え is the character for "e" and き is the character for "ki."

  • まち or "machi," meaning "town." ま is the character for "ma" and ち is the character for "chi."

  • ちいさい or "chiisai," meaning "small." ち is the character for "chi," い is the character for "i," and さ is the character for "sa."

The Hotel 3 · 2022-06-23 ^

An Overnight Stay

When you’re staying overnight somewhere, you would use the counter word 泊 (はく) to count the number of nights you stay somewhere. Please take note that some of the readings are irregular!

Kanji Reading Meaning
一泊 いっぱく (ippaku) one (night of a stay)
二泊 はく (nihaku) two (nights of a stay)
三泊 さんぱく (sanpaku) three (nights of a stay)
四泊 よんはく (yonhaku) four (nights of a stay)
五泊 はく (gohaku) five (nights of a stay)
六泊 ろっぱく (roppaku) six (nights of a stay)
七泊 ななはく (nanahaku) seven (nights of a stay)
八泊 はっぱく (happaku) eight (nights of a stay)
九泊 きゅうはく (kyuuhaku) nine (nights of a stay)
十泊 じゅっぱく (juppaku) ten (nights of a stay)

Below are some example sentences.

Japanese English
名古屋で三泊した。 I spent three nights in Nagoya.
このホテルは一泊四万円です。 This hotel is forty thousand yen for one night.

In a certain place…

You can use the word ある before a noun to specify that you’re talking about a certain thing without going into specifics about it.

Japanese English
彼はあるホテルに泊まりました。 He stayed at a certain hotel.
私は貴重品をいつもある所にしまっている。 I always keep my valuables in a certain place.

Home 1 7 · 2024-07-09 ^

The Verbs あります and います

あります and います are very special verbs in Japanese that refer to something's existence. They're often translated into English as "there is" or "there are." Even though they're often translated identically, they describe different objects:

  • あります is used for inanimate objects, like books, rooms, televisions, and apples.
  • います is used for animate objects, like people, cats, dogs, and other animals.

Japanese Counting Words

The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. You use these words when you want to mention a specific number of a certain noun. Below is how they are typically formed.

Noun Particle Number + Counter Verb
鳥・とり 二羽・にわ います
  • 鳥が二羽います means "there are two birds."

In Japanese, you also have the option of placing the number and counter before the noun, but this is less common and typically involves an additional particle.

Number + Counter Noun Particle Verb
二羽・にわ 鳥・とり います
  • 二羽の鳥がいます also means "there are two birds."

Below is a table for 羽、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 羽 is a counter used just for birds and rabbits.

Number Form of 羽
1・一・いち 一羽・いちわ
2・二・に 二羽・にわ
3・三・さん 三羽・さんわ
4・四・よん 四羽・よんわ
5・五・ご 五羽・ごわ
6・六・ろく 六羽・ろくわ
7・七・なな 七羽・しちわ or なな
8・八・はち 八羽・はちわ
9・九・きゅう 九羽・きゅうわ
10・十・じゅう 十羽・じゅうわ

Kanji from this Skill

Below you will find the kanji for all of the vocabulary words in this skill.

Kanji Hiragana Meaning Components
台所 だいどころ kitchen pedestal + place
部屋 へや room division + dwelling
風呂 ふろ bath wind + spine
にわ yard, garden
いえ house
まど window
ねこ cat
いぬ dog
とり bird
椅子 いす chair chair + small thing
つくえ desk

Introduction 3 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Sentence-Ending Particles

This lesson introduces two of the most common sentence-ending particles, ね and よ。Used exclusively in conversation, they communicate intention rather than concrete meaning, and as such, they are difficult to translate directly.

is used to seek passive agreement from the person being spoken to, much like "... right?" or "... correct?" in English.

  • いい天気 (てんき) ですね means "nice weather, isn't it?" and is a common expression on mild, sunny days.

is used to express certainty in a matter of uncertainty, as if to emphasize the truth of the words that come before it. This sense of emphasis mirrors the use of the word "does" in the English sentence "She (actually) does enjoy tennis."

  • お元気 (げんき) ですか?means "are you doing well?" and a valid response would be as follows.

  • 元気 (げんき) ですよ means "I am doing well (you know)" and communicates that perhaps the answerer's health was actually poor recently and they intend to underline their present healthiness.

Family 3 3 · 2024-07-09 ^

Familial Terms

Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
Older Brother お兄さん (おにいさん) 兄 (あに)
Older Sister お姉さん (おねえさん) 姉 (あね)
Younger Brother 弟さん (おとうとさん) 弟 (おとうと)
Younger Sister 妹さん (いもうとさん) 妹 (いもうと)
Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
Parents ご両親 (ごりょうしん) 両親 (りょうしん)
Father お父さん (おとうさん) 父 (ちち)
Mother お母さん (おかあさん) 母 (はは)
Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)
Uncle Older than Parent 伯父さん (おじさん) 伯父 (おじ)
Aunt Older than Parent 伯母さん (おばさん) 伯母 (おば)
Uncle Younger than Parent 叔父さん (おじさん) 叔父 (おじ)
Aunt Younger than Parent 叔母さん (おばさん) 叔母 (おば)
Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)

Restaurant 1 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Determiners

Just like in English, determiners in Japanese come before a noun and signify both its location and relationship with the speaker. Japanese also has two words for "that" depending on whether or not the listener is close to the noun or not.

  • この本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "this book is expensive" when the book in question is close to you but farther from the person you're speaking to.

  • その本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far from you but near the person you're speaking to.

  • あの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far away from both you and the person you're speaking to.

  • どの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) ですか? means "which book is expensive?" no matter where the book in question happens to be.

Place Marker

The particle usually shows the location of action or event, such as "at" "in" or "on" in English. で also indicates "with" "by" or "using" to show a language or tools being used.

Adjectives

This lesson also introduces Japanese adjectives, which are divided into い-adjectives and な-adjectives.

い-Adjectives

い-adjectives are true adjectives that have been in the Japanese language since the very beginning. All of them end in い、although not all adjectives that end in い are in fact い-adjectives. See how they operate using the example い-adjective おいしい、meaning "delicious."

Sentence Translation
これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.

Note that all い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech. This is grammatical as well.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしい This is delicious.

When placed before a noun, there's no change to the spelling of an い-adjective.

Sentence Translation
おいしいすしです。 It is delicious sushi.

We will be introducing the other major category of Japanese adjectives later in the course.

Large Numbers

Japanese has certain conventions for writing large numbers. Below are the kanji and readings for a few of them that will be introduced in this lesson.

Japanese English
百 (ひゃく) one hundred
千 (せん) one thousand
万 (まん) ten thousand

百 and 千 can be used in isolation to mean 100 and 1,000.

Example Translation
百円 (ひゃくえん) 100 yen
千円 (せんえん) 1,000 yen

It would sound unnatural in Japanese to write 一百 or 一千 when you have 100 or 1,000 of something. However, 万 functions with the opposite convention; when you have 10,000 of something, it is customary to put 一 in front of it.

Example Translation
万円 (いちまんえん) 10,000 yen

Activity 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Past Tense

This lesson introduces the past tense of verbs. In Japanese, there are other varieties of tense, but we will cover those in later lessons. Changing a verb from the present/future tense to the past tense is rather simple.

  • パンを食 (た) べます means either "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread."
  • パンを食 (た) べました means "I ate bread."
Verb Tense Positive Ending
Present 〜ます
Future 〜ます
Past 〜ました

Instead of changing the negative ending 〜ません to make a negative past tense verb ("did not eat"), we simply add the word でした to the end.

  • パンを食 (た) べません means either "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread."
  • パンを食 (た) べませんでした means "I did not eat bread."
Verb Tense Negative Ending
Present 〜ません
Future 〜ません
Past 〜ませんでした

The endings above apply to all verbs that end with 〜ます。

Position 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Expressing Position

As noted in an earlier lesson, Japanese has two special verbs that mean "be" or "exist" depending on the animateness of the subject. います is used for living things, while あります is used for inanimate objects. We use these verbs to describe someone or something's position relative to something else.

Topic Location Directional Verb
猫・ねこ・は 机・つくえ 上・うえ・に います
  • 猫は机の上にいます means "the cat is on the desk."
Topic Location Directional Verb
本・ほん・は 机・つくえ 上・うえ・に あります
  • 本は机の上にあります means "the book is on the desk."

Notice how the verb changes depending on whether or not the topic is animate.

Activity 2 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

て-Form

The て-form or で-form of a verb is a very important grammatical construct in Japanese that is used in several contexts.

Requests

~て / 〜で + ください is used for requests. It means "please + [verb]"

  • よんでください means "please read."

You can also attach nouns to these requests to get more specific.

  • 本をよんでください means "please read the book."
English Short Form Polite Form Request
do する します してください
read よむ よみます よんでください
turn on つける つけます つけてください
close しめる しめます しめてください
open あける あけます あけてください

Hobby 1 7 · 2024-07-09 ^

Counting People

Counting people in Japanese is relatively easy, but there are a couple irregular forms. Please reference the following table to learn how to count people.

Number Form of 人
1・一・いち 一人・ひとり
2・二・に 二人・ふたり
3・三・さん 三人・さんにん
4・四・よん 四人・よにん
5・五・ご 五人・ごにん
6・六・ろく 六人・ろくにん
7・七・なな 七人・しちにん
8・八・はち 八人・はちにん
9・九・きゅう 九人・きゅうにん
10・十・じゅう 十人・じゅうにん

You will also see another counter, 枚 (まい), which is used to count flat things. Thankfully, 枚 has no irregular forms, and so it's read the same way regardless of the number that comes before it.

Not Much

あまり is a word you can use with negative sentences to express ideas like “not much,” “not often” or “not many.” Below are a few examples of its usage.

Japanese English
映画はあまりません I do not watch a lot of movies.
散歩はあまりません I do not go on walks very often.

Family 4 2 · 2024-07-09 ^

Familial Terms

Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

Family Member Honorific Form Personal Form
Husband ご主人 (ごしゅじん) 夫 (おっと)
Wife 奥さん (おくさん) 妻 (つま)
Child お子さん (おこさん) 子供 (こども)
Grandfather お祖父さん (おじいさん) 祖父 (そふ)
Grandmother お祖母さん (おばあさん) 祖母 (そぼ)

Not your uncle but your grandfather!

Sometimes, changing just one character can entirely change the meaning of a word. Japanese learners often make this mistake with the words for uncle/grandfather and aunt/grandmother. Please double-check the length of your vowel!

Japanese English
おじさん uncle
おじさん grandfather
おばさん aunt
おばさん grandmother

Arriving and Departing Phrases

This skill also teaches a special set of Japanese phrases when someone enters or exits a home. These are in widespread use throughout Japan.

One makes the statement when one either departs from or arrives in a home, and one makes the response upon hearing the corresponding statement.

Statement Response
When Departing いってきます いってらっしゃい
Translation "I'm leaving!" "Take care!"
When Returning ただいま おかえりなさい
Translation "I'm home!" "Welcome back!"

Transportation 1 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Negative い-Adjectives

When い-adjectives are switched from positive to negative, they undergo a spelling change. The characteristic い-ending switches to a く、and the phrase meaning "not" is added to the end. The final result is an ending such as くないです。See the example below.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.
これはおいしくないです This is not delicious.

Just like with positive い-adjectives, all negative い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしくない This is not delicious.

To make the speech more formal, one can change the ending from くないです to くありません。

Sentence Translation
これはおいしくありません This is not delicious.

Clothes 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Wearing Clothing

Japanese has many translations for the English words "to wear" or "to put on," depending on where on the body the clothes are worn. Below are some examples taught in this lesson.

Japanese Notes
着ます・きます wear, on the whole body or upper body
被ります・かぶります wear, on the head
履きます・はきます wear, on the lower body

Hobby 2 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Together!

In Japanese, there are different ways to ask someone to do something with you. Your verb ending can subtly change the nature of your request or suggestion.

Verb Ending Meaning in English
~ませんか "Would you like to...?" / "Do you want to...?"
~ましょう "Let's..."
~ましょうか? "Shall we...?" / "Should we...?"
Japanese English
プールで泳ぎませんか Would you like to swim at the pool?
プールで泳ぎましょう Let's swim at the pool.
プールで泳ぎましょうか Shall we swim at the pool?

Weeks and Months

Japanese has specific words for ideas like "last week," "next week" and "this week." There is even a word for "the week after next"! Maybe you'll notice a pattern with how these words are formed!

Word Reading Meaning
今月 こんげつ this month
来月 らいげつ next month
先月 せんげつ last month
Word Reading Meaning
今週 こんしゅう this week
来週 らいしゅう next week
先週 せんしゅう last week
再来週 さらいしゅう the week after next

Playing an Instrument

Japanese uses different verbs to talk about playing different kinds of musical instruments. In this skill, you will encounter the verb used for playing a string instrument - 弾きます (ひきます). Don't forget that the piano is included as a string instrument!

Japanese English
ピアノを弾きます I play the piano.
ギターを弾きます I play the guitar.

Weather 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Isn't it?

In Japanese, it is common to ask a question in the negative form in order to solicit agreement. These sentences are commonly translated as "Isn't it...?" in English.

Japanese English
暗いですか Is it dark?
暗くないですか Isn't it dark?

Did you notice the difference? When the question is asked with a regular adjective form, the English meaning is "Is it...?" When it is asked with an adjective in the negative form, the English translation changes to "Isn't it...?"

Adverbs

In Japanese, you can change an -い adjective to an adverb by dropping the -い and replacing it with -く. Adverbs are usually words that end in -ly in English and describe how something happens.

Adjective Meaning Adverb Meaning
強い (つよい) strong 強く (つよく) strongly
弱い (よわい) weak 弱く (よわく) weakly

Here are some examples of how these different forms are used.

Japanese English
風が強いです。 The wind is strong.
強い風がふきます。 A strong wind blows.
風が強くふきます。 The wind blows strongly.

Food 2 7 · 2024-07-09 ^

Very, quite, or not at all!

In this skill, you will encounter words that can modify the severity of your sentences. 

全然 (ぜんぜん) and  全く (まったく) can both be used with negative sentences to mean "not at all."

Japanese English
この野菜は全然おいしくないです。 These vegetables are not delicious at all.
牛乳はまったく多くないです。 There is not much milk at all.

とても and  大変 (たいへん) can both be used in affirmative sentences to mean "very."

Japanese English
このラーメンはとてもおいしいです。 This ramen is very tasty.
大変おいしいです。 It is very tasty.

結構 (けっこう) can be used in affirmative sentences to mean "quite."

Japanese English
塩が結構多いですね。 There is quite a lot of salt, isn't there?

A Small Amount

少ない (すくない) is an adjective that means “few” or “not much.” Be careful – although the word ends in -ない, it isn’t the negative form of the adjective! The negative form of 少ない is actually 少なくない (すくなくない). That’s a mouthful!

Japanese English
カレーが少ないです There is not much curry.

Direction 2 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Big and Small

There a few adjectives that have both an -い and a -な adjective form. With these adjectives, it is common to use the -な adjective form when the adjective comes before the noun it is modifying. "Big" and "small" are two such adjectives.

-い adjective -な adjective Meaning
大き (おおき) 大き (おおき) big, large
小さ (ちいさ) 小さ (ちいさ) small
Japanese English
その銀行は大きです。 That bank is big.
それは大き銀行です。 That is a big bank.

Big or Wide?

The word 広い (ひろい) means "wide" and 狭い (せまい) means "narrow," but these words are often used in Japanese in situations in which we'd use the words "big" or "small" in English. For instance, when you're describing the internal area of a room as "large," you usually use the word 広い rather than 大きい . 広い is sometimes also translated as "spacious."

Japanese English
この病院は広いです。 This hospital is spacious. (large inside)
この部屋は狭いです。 This room is small. (narrow inside)

Where?

Japanese has different levels of formality, and sometimes there are different words with the same meaning that differ by formality level. You'll encounter some of them in this skill.

Casual Formal Meaning
こっち こちら here, this way (close to the speaker)
そっち そちら there, that way (close to the listener)
あっち あちら over there, over that way (far from both the listener and the speaker)
どっち どちら where?, which direction?

Food 3 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

An Empty Stomach

In Japanese, when you ask someone if they are hungry, the expression is お腹がすきましたか? (おなかがすきましたか?)

Although the Japanese expression is written in past tense, its understood meaning would be equivalent to the English expression “Are you hungry?” It literally translates to something like, “Has your stomach been emptied?” – because if your stomach has become empty, that means that you’re hungry now!

Dates 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Japanese Counting Words

The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. Below is a table for 日、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 日 is the counter for days.

Number Form of 日
1・一・いち 一日・ついたち
2・二・に 二日・ふつか
3・三・さん 三日・みっか
4・四・よん 四日・よっか
5・五・ご 五日・いつか
6・六・ろく 六日・むいか
7・七・なな 七日・なのか
8・八・はち 八日・ようか
9・九・きゅう 九日・ここのか
10・十・じゅう 十日・とおか
20・二十・にじゅう 二十日・はつか

Shopping 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

な-Adjectives

This lesson teaches the first な-adjective in the course, きれい、meaning "pretty" or "clean." Although it looks like an い-adjective, it belongs to the な-adjective category.

な-adjectives are nominal adjectives that have been imported from other countries over centuries, mainly from China. There is no pattern as to what they look like, aside from the fact they're not likely to end in an い。Remember that きれい is an exception. See how they operate using the example of きれい below.

Sentence Translation
これはきれいです。 This is pretty.

Note that な-adjectives typically do not drop the です ending in a construction like the one above.

When placed before a noun, a な-adjective adds a characteristic な between the adjective and the noun that follows.

Sentence Translation
きれいな花です。 It is a pretty flower.

People 2 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

女 and 男

In this skill, you’ll encounter words about men and women and boys and girls, and you’ll see some different expressions you might use to talk about them. The word for woman is 女 (おんな) and the word for man is 男 (おとこ), but it is more polite to use the expressions 女の人 (おんなのひと) and 男の人 (おとこのひと) instead. There are also the expressions 女の子 (おんなのこ) and 男の子 (おとこのこ) which mean “girl” and “boy” respectively. Did you notice that the polite expressions for “man” and “woman” use the character for "person" - (ひと) – while the expressions for “boy” and “girl” use the character for “child” - (こ)?

Japanese Reading English
おんな woman
おとこ man
女の人 おんなのひと woman (more polite)
男の人 おとこのひと man (more polite)
女の子 おんなのこ girl
男の子 おとこのこ boy

Death

Much like English, Japanese has more than one way to talk about death. The different words have different connotations, similar to the English language expressions “died” and “passed away.”

Japanese Reading English
死にました しにました died
亡くなりました なくなりました passed away

Nature 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

What was happening?

~て / 〜で + います can be used to describe continuing action in the present, but did you know that you can use the -て form of the verb to describe continuing action in the past, too? Instead of  〜います, you would use 〜いました after the -て form of a verb to describe an ongoing action that occurred in the past. Look at how the verb endings can change the meaning of a sentence.

Japanese English
雨が降ります It rains
雨が降っています It is raining
雨が降りました It rained
雨が降っていました It was raining

Counting Small Animals

Japanese has a lot of counter words that change depending on the object or creature being counted. Sometimes, the counter word even depends on the size of the thing being counted! For instance, the counter word 〜匹 (ひき) is used to count small animals. However, the reading of the word 〜匹 changes depending on the number that comes before it.

Kanji Reading Meaning
一匹 いっぴき (ippiki) one (small animal)
二匹 ひき (nihiki) two (small animals)
三匹 さんびき (sanbiki) three (small animals)
四匹 よんひき (yonhiki) four (small animals)
五匹 ひき (gohiki) five (small animals)
六匹 ろっぴき (roppiki) six (small animals)
七匹 ななひき (nanahiki) seven (small animals)
八匹 はっぴき (happiki) eight (small animals)
九匹 きゅうひき (kyuuhiki) nine (small animals)
十匹 じゅっぴき (juppiki) ten (small animals)

The Water Radical

Kanji characters are made up of different component parts called radicals. Did you know that a kanji's radicals can sometimes give you a hint about the kanji's meaning? For instance, kanji containing the radical 氵often have something to do with water. If you look at the words below, you can see that they all contain the radical 氵 on the left side of the kanji character, and all of them involve water. You might have noticed this radical in other kanji you've already seen, too!

Kanji Reading Meaning
うみ sea
いけ pond
泳ぎます およぎます swim

Classroom 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

て-Form

We will now take a look at three more purposes for the て-form of verbs.

Ongoing Actions

~て / 〜で + います is used for actions in progress.

  • よんでいます means "I am reading."

We also use this construction for ongoing actions that would ordinarily use the present perfect construction in English.

  • 映画ははじまっています means "The movie has begun."

~て / 〜で + いません is the corresponding negative construction.

  • よんでいません means "I am not reading."
English Short Form Polite Form Ongoing Action
do する します しています
read よむ よみます よんでいます
eat たべる たべます たべています
drink のむ のみます のんでいます

Prohibitions

~て + は + いけません is used when telling someone that they must not or should not do something.

  • よんではいけません means "you must not read."

  • あの本をよんではいけません means "you must not read that book."

English Short Form Polite Form Prohibition
do する します してはいけません
read よむ よみます よんではいけません
eat たべる たべます たべてはいけません
drink のむ のみます のんではいけません

Linking Sentences

We already learned the words と and や that mean "and" when combining nouns. Instead of those words, we use the て-form to link verbs together in Japanese sentences.

  • ドアを閉めて窓を開きます means " I will close the door and open the window."

  • りんごを食べて水を飲みました means "I ate the apple and drank the water."

For the examples above, notice how the て-form is used for the first verb regardless of the tense of the overall sentence. Only the final verb indicates the tense in this construction.

Classroom 2 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

He said, she said!

When you are quoting what someone said or telling someone what something is called, you would use the particle 〜と. You can think of 〜と kind of like quotation marks in English, with the phrase coming before 〜と being the phrase that would be in quotes. Since there's no opening quotation mark like there would be with a quote in English, though, you sometimes have to figure out from context which words are being quoted.

Japanese English
彼はいいえ言いました。 He said "No."

Be careful, because using the wrong particle can sometimes greatly change the meaning of your sentence.

Japanese English
ジョン呼んでください。 Please call me "John."
ジョン呼んでください。 Please call John.

Counting Long Things

〜本 (ほん) is another Japanese counter word, and it is used to count long, cylindrical things like pens and pencils. Be careful, because the pronunciation of 〜本 also changes depending on the number before it!

Kanji Reading Meaning
一本 いっぽん (ippon) one (long, cylindrical thing)
二本 ほん (nihon) two (long, cylindrical things)
三本 さんぼん (sanbon) three (long, cylindrical things)
四本 よんほん (yonhon) four (long, cylindrical things)
五本 ほん (gohon) five (long, cylindrical things)
六本 ろっぽん (roppon) six (long, cylindrical things)
七本 ななほん (nanahon) seven (long, cylindrical things)
八本 はっぽん (happon) eight (long, cylindrical things)
九本 きゅうほん (kyuuhon) nine (long, cylindrical things)
十本 じゅっぽん (juppon) ten (long, cylindrical things)

Feelings 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Past-Tense い-Adjectives

To turn an い-adjective from the present to the past tense, you remove the い-ending and replace with かった. Adding a です at the end will turn it into the polite form. See the example below.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしいです。 This is delicious.
これはおいしかったです This was delicious.

Just like with the other forms of the い-adjectives, you're allowed to drop the です ending in casual conversation.

Sentence Translation
これはおいしかった This was delicious.

Direction 4 3 · 2024-07-09 ^

This skill introduces three important suffixes in the Japanese language. The words that use them are called indefinite, negative, and inclusive word ranges. See how they work below.

Question Indefinite Negative Inclusive
Base Form + + + でも
誰 (だれ) who? 誰か (だれか) someone 誰も (だれも) no one 誰でも (だれでも) anyone
何 (なに) what? 何か (なにか) something 何も (なにも) nothing 何でも (なんでも) anything
いつ when? いつか some time いつも always, never (with negative verbs) いつでも at any time
どこ where? どこか somewhere どこも nowhere どこでも anywhere
どう how? どうか somehow どうも in no way どうでも anyhow

Keep in mind that for most of the words in the negative word range, Japanese uses a double negative for full sentences.

  • ここにはだれもません
  • Here, no one is not. (There is no one here.)

Object 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Thin and Thick

Just like counter words, different adjectives are sometimes used depending on the objects being described. When you are talking about something being "thin," you would use a different adjective depending on the shape of the object being described.

Japanese English
細い (ほそい) thin (for long, cylindrical things)
薄い (うすい) thin (for flat things)

There are also multiple words meaning "thick," and their usage differs based on the shape of the object being described, too.

Japanese English
太い (ふとい) thick (for long, cylindrical things)
厚い (あつい) thick (for flat things)

Is it thick or is it hot?

Remember, kanji matters! Although the three words below have the same reading, the meaning completely changes if you select the wrong kanji!

Japanese English
厚い (あつい) thick (for flat things)
暑い (あつい) hot (weather)
熱い (あつい) hot (object)

Shopping 2 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

This lesson introduces the very fundamentals of 敬語・けいご、also known as "respect language," as applied to verbs. Believe it or not, you've already learned some respect language, such as in the phrases "お元気ですか?" or "おねがいします!" Just like those phrases, the extra-polite constructions we introduce in this chapter also begin with お。

We learned from earlier lessons that the most common way of asking someone to do something is with the て-form, often followed by ください。

Japanese English
待ってください。 Please wait. (ordinary form)

To make the request extremely humble and polite, we take the stem of the verb from its 〜ます form and add an お〜 prefix. It's as simple as that. Although you are unlikely to use this form on a brief trip to Japan, you are certain to hear it from shopkeepers and restaurant employees.

Japanese English
お待ちください。 Please wait. (ultra-polite form)

Clothes 3 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Counting Words for Clothing

Below is a table for 足、組 and 着、the counting words introduced in this lesson. 足 is a counter that counts pairs of things you put on your feet, while 組 counts other kinds of pairs, such as pairs of gloves. 着 is a counter for suits, jackets, and kimono.

Number Form of 足 Form of 組 Form of 着
1・一・いち 一足・いっそく 一組・ひとくみ 一着・いっちゃく
2・二・に 二足・にそく 二組・ふたくみ 二着・にちゃく
3・三・さん 三足・さんぞく 三組・さんくみ 三着・さんちゃく
4・四・よん 四足・よんそく 四組・よんくみ 四着・よんちゃく
5・五・ご 五足・ごそく 五組・ごくみ 五着・ごちゃく
6・六・ろく 六足・ろくそく 六組・ろっくみ 六着・ろっちゃく
7・七・なな 七足・ななそく 七組・ななくみ 七着・ななちゃく
8・八・はち 八足・はっそく 八組・はっくみ 八着・はっちゃく
9・九・きゅう 九足・きゅうそく 九組・きゅうくみ 九着・きゅうちゃく
10・十・じゅう 十足・じゅっそく 十組・じゅっくみ 十着・じゅっちゃく

Hobby 3 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

The Plain Form

We use the "plain," "short" or "dictionary" form first and foremost to express the present or future tense in a casual conversation, such as between friends. We also use it to express these tenses in certain other situations before the end of a sentence.

Without exception, all plain form verbs end in a [u] sound. In the examples below, see how the plain form endings correlate with the construction of the て-form.

English Kanji Plain Form て-Form
eat 食べる たべる たべて
give - あげる あげて
read 読む よむ よんで
fly 飛ぶ とぶ とんで
buy 買う かう かって
use 使う つかう つかって

Nominalizing Verbs with the Plain Form + の

You can use the construction ~のがすきです to talk about things you like doing. In the example below, およぐ (swim) is the plain form of verb およぎます。When you add の to the plain form, the translation becomes either “to swim” or “swimming”. The sentence ends with ~がすきです、which means "I like."

  • Therefore, およぐのが好きです means "I like swimming" or "I like to swim."

Remember that you can add additional information to any sentence to provide more context.

  • For example, うみでおよぐのが好きです means "I like swimming in the ocean."

Below is a table of sample sentences that model this construction.

Object Verb Adverb です
はしる はやい です
およぐ 上手 です
テニスを する 下手 です
アニメを 見る 好き です
  • はしるのがはやいです means "My running is fast" or "I run fast."
  • およぐのが上手です means "Your swimming is skilled" or "you are good at swimming."
  • テニスをするのが下手です means "My tennis playing is poor" or "I am bad at playing tennis."
  • アニメを見るのが好きです means "I like watching anime" or "I like to watch anime."

Classroom 3 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

て form: Negative Request

~ないでください is a negative request with the て-form (て becomes で). The first two types are called Godan (u-verbs), which you change the /u/ sound ending into /a/ sound + nai to make the negative form.

u-verbs: ならぶ (-u) → ならばない (-anai)

ru-verbs: みる (ru) → みない (nai)

Type Verb Plain Negative Negative Request
Godan line up ならぶ ならばない ならばないでください。
Godan go いく いかない いかないでください。
Ichidan look みる みない みないでください。
Ichidan quit やめる やめない やめないでください。
Irregular come くる こない こないでください
Irregular do する しない しないでください。

Health 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

The Plain Past Form

We use the "plain past" form or "short past" form first and foremost to express the past tense in a casual conversation, such as between friends. We also use it to express the past tense in certain other situations.

This form is constructed by taking the て-form of a verb and replacing with た (if it ends in て) or だ (if it ends in で).

English Kanji Plain Form て-Form Plain Past
eat 食べる たべる たべ たべ
buy 買う かう かっ かっ
read 読む よむ よん よん

Just like when we create the て-form, verbs that end in くor ぐ in the plain form have irregular endings.

English Kanji Plain Form て-Form Plain Past
write 書く かく いて いた
swim 泳ぐ およぐ およいで およいだ

Vacation 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Desire

Desiring Objects

Earlier in this course, you learned how to express that you want a certain object using the adjective 欲しい。欲しい literally means "desirable," but it's used like "want" or "want to have" in English. Because it behaves like other Japanese い-adjectives, however, you are free to add です on the end of the adjective to make the sentence more polite.

Japanese English
りんごが欲しい。 I want an apple.
バナナが欲しいです。 I want a banana.

Desiring Actions

This lesson introduces how to express that you want to perform a certain action. This is done with a form of the 〜たい ending, which turns any verb into an adjective. You take the 〜ます form of the verb, add the 〜たい or 〜たいです ending, and you can express that you want to do something.

Japanese English
りんごを買いたい。 I want to buy an apple.
バナナを買いたいです。 I want to buy a banana.

Keep in mind that since both 欲しい and 〜たい are adjectives, they behave like adjectives in other ways, including in the formation of the negative tense, past tense, and negative-past tense.

Japanese English
りんごを買いた I want to buy an apple.
りんごを買いたくない I do not want to buy an apple.
りんごを買いたかった I wanted to buy an apple.
りんごを買いたくなかった I did not want to buy an apple.

Remember, just like with other い-adjectives, one can attach the です copula to any of the four sentences above to make the statement more polite.

Memories 1 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

The Plain Past Form

We use the "plain past" form or "short past" form first and foremost to express the past tense in a casual conversation, such as between friends. We also use it to express the past tense in certain other situations.

This form is constructed by taking the て-form of a verb and replacing with た (if it ends in て) or だ (if it ends in で).

English Kanji Plain Form て-Form Plain Past
eat 食べる たべる たべ たべ
buy 買う かう かっ かっ
read 読む よむ よん よん

Just like when we create the て-form, verbs that end in くor ぐ in the plain form have irregular endings.

English Kanji Plain Form て-Form Plain Past
write 書く かく いて いた
swim 泳ぐ およぐ およいで およいだ

Post Office 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

I would like...

NOUN+が欲しい and VERB STEM+〜たい are two ways to express that you want something. However, Japanese speakers often desire to be less direct, which is considered more polite. You can do that by adding 〜のですが or 〜んですが to the end of a request to make it less blunt. In English, you can translate sentences containing this ending as "I would like..."

Japanese English
葉書を送りたいです。 I want to send a postcard.
葉書を送りたいのですが I would like to send a postcard.
タクシーを呼んで欲しいです。 I want you to call a taxi.
タクシーを呼んで欲しいんですが I would like you to call a taxi.

The City 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Maid Cafes?

There are many things you can find in Japan that aren't common in other countries. Want to dress up as your favorite anime character and get your photo taken on the street? Visit a cafe where the waitresses all dress like maids? You can find all that and more in Japan!

Japanese English Notes
メードカフェ Maid Cafe In maid cafes, the servers dress up like maids!
オタク Otaku The word "otaku" is usually used in English to refer to someone who is obsessed with anime and manga, but the word is used for many other things in Japan. For instance, did you know that a 電車オタク is someone who is obsessed with trains?
コスプレ Cosplay "Cosplay" refers to dressing up as characters, usually from anime, manga, or video games. It is short for "costume play."

Ride the Yamanote Line!

There are a lot of interesting and trendy areas in Tokyo, so it can be helpful to know their names if you ever choose to visit.

Japanese Reading
原宿 はらじゅく
渋谷 しぶや
秋葉原 あきはばら
池袋 いけぶくろ
新宿 しんじゅく

Harajuku and Shibuya are both known for their fashion - Harajuku for street fashion and Shibuya for having many large department stores for shopping! Harajuku is a great place to go if you like to cosplay. Akihabara and Ikebukuro are interesting places for an otaku - you can buy video games, anime and manga, computer parts, and all kinds of other things! And Shinjuku is well-known for its exciting nightlife.

The 山手線 (やまのてせん) or "Yamanote Line" is a train line in Tokyo that goes in a circle, and it makes stops in all the areas listed above. It might be better to avoid riding the train at rush hour, though - otherwise you might run into lots of サラリーマン (office workers) going to and from work, and the train might be too packed for you to get on!

Olympic Games 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

The Olympics!

Are you looking forward to the Olympics? If you are, you can tell people that you are looking forward to something by using the phrase 楽しみにしている - or 楽しみにしています if you want to be more polite. What Olympic sport are you looking forward to the most? Who do you hope will win the 金メダル (gold medal)?

Japanese English
私はオリンピックを楽しみにしている! I am looking forward to the Olympics!

Ability 1 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

There are several ways of expressing one's ability to do something in Japanese.

Potential Form

The first and more casual way is the potential form of the verb, which changes the usual verb ending into a form that rhymes with 〜える or 〜えます。Notice how the potential form ending changes in accordance with the original ending.

Regular Forms Potential "Can-Do" Forms
見る・見ます 見える・見えます
行く・行きます 行ける・行けます
作る・作ります 作れる・作れます
飛ぶ・飛びます 飛べる・飛べます

When using this form, you may notice that the particle が plays a major role in describing what would normally be the object of a sentence marked with を。This is because the potential form often translates better to "is able to be" than "can."

Regular Examples Potential "Can-Do" Examples
見る・look at a book 見える・see a book
音楽聞く・listen to music 音楽聞こえる・hear music

Using できる

The second and more formal to express ability is with the verb できる、sometimes spelled 出来る。Ordinarily, the short form of a verb attaches to the word ことができる to signify someone's ability to do something.

Regular Examples ことができる Examples
踊る・dance 踊ることができる・can dance
逃げる・escape 逃げることができる・can escape

する Verbs

For verbs that end in 〜する or 〜します、one has no choice but to express ability with できる。The more casual way to do this is with できる by itself.

Regular Examples 〜できる Examples
勉強する・study 勉強できる・can study
運動する・exercise 運動できる・can exercise

To make the form more formal, you can add することができる to the end of the verb instead.

Regular Examples することができる Examples
勉強する・study 勉強することができる・can study
運動する・exercise 運動するごとができる・can exercise

Favors 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Expressing favors in Japanese makes frequent use of the て-form in coordination with a set of special verbs for giving and receiving.

あげる

We use あげる when we ourselves do a favor for someone else. We also use it when the interaction involves only other people.

Example Translation
私はあなたに花を買ってあげた I bought flowers for you.
本田は田中に花を買ってあげた Honda bought flowers for Tanaka.

やる

We use やる when we ourselves do a favor for someone of a lower social status, such as a child or a pet. This also applies when the interaction involves only other people.

Example Translation
私は娘に花を買ってやった I bought flowers for my daughter.
本田は娘に花を買ってやった Honda bought flowers for his daughter.

くれる

We use くれる when someone else does a favor for us.

Example Translation
彼は私に花を買ってくれた He bought flowers for me.

もらう

We use もらう when the topic of the sentence is the one to receive the favor, as "もらう" literally means "receive." This is often translated as "had (someone) do (something)."

Example Translation
私は母に花を買ってもらった I had my mother buy (me) flowers.
彼女は彼氏に花を買ってもらった She had her boyfriend buy (her) flowers.

いただく

You may recognize the verb いただく from the phrase いただきます、which is said before eating. いただく is a polite form of もらう、usually used when asking for a favor. In addition to いただく、one can use the verb くれる for a more casual tone.

Example Translation
花を買っていただけませんか Would you please buy me flowers?
花を買ってくれませんか Would you mind buying me flowers?

Nature 2 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Onomatopoeia

The Japanese language features many words that are known as onomatopoeia - a word that is named by a vocal imitation of the sound associated with it. One of these words is きらきら, which means "sparkling." It is meant to mimic the sound one might imagine a glittering diamond or star might make. きらきら can be used as a -する verb (きらきらする) or paired with the verb 光る (きらきら光る) to further emphasize the sparkle.

In Japanese, onomatopoeia can be commonly written in either hiragana (きらきら) or (キラキラ), depending on what you prefer stylistically.

Nature 3 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Counting Large Animals

Remember, the counter word 〜匹 (ひき) is used to count small animals. Have you wondered how you would count large animals? You would use the counter word 〜頭 (とう) instead! Thankfully, the kanji is read the same way (とう) regardless of the number of large animals you are counting!

Kanji Reading Meaning
一頭 いっとう (ittou) one (large animal)
二頭 とう (nitou) two (large animals)
三頭 さんとう (santou) three (large animals)
四頭 よんとう (yontou) four (large animals)
五頭 とう (gotou) five (large animals)
六頭 ろくとう (rokutou) six (large animals)
七頭 ななとう (nanatou) seven (large animals)
八頭 はっとう (hattou) eight (large animals)
九頭 きゅうとう (kyuutou) nine (large animals)
十頭 じゅっとう (juttou) or じっとう (jittou) ten (large animals)

Hardly Any

ほとんど is a word that can be used in a negative sentence to mean “hardly any” or “hardly (at all)” or “almost no…” Below are a few examples of its usage.

Japanese English
ほとんど信じられなかった I could hardly believe it.
日本にはほとんど石油がありません There is almost no oil in Japan.

Condition 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Appearance

When expressing appearance in Japanese, one can choose from several grammatical expressions.

よう

Using the noun よう is the most basic way of expressing something's outward appearance.

Example Translation
彼はいそがしいようだ。 He looks busy.

みたい

The noun みたい is used almost exactly like よう、only it has a more casual tone. Be careful not to treat it as a verb or an adjective, although it might look like one.

Example Translation
古いみたいです。 It looks old.

そう

The noun そう is used to express how something seems or appears to be based on one's observation. It's more of an educated guess and less of a certainty than よう or みたい。

そう is also used to describe hearsay gathered from other people. In this instance, the grammar of the word changes slightly. Verbs, for example, change from the stem form for appearance to the short form for hearsay.

Example Translation
雨が降りそうです。 It seems like it will rain.
雨が降るそうです。 I hear that it will rain.

らしい

With respect to hearsay, らしい is used in similar contexts as そう、only it acts like any other い-adjective would.

Example Translation
あの映画は楽しいらしい。 I hear that movie is fun.

Degree

This lesson also introduces the concept of nouns formed from adjectives, much like how "sweet" becomes "sweetness" in English with an additional ending. The ability or inability to measure such nouns in Japanese plays an important role in how they are formed.

〜さ

If a quality can be measured objectively, its nominal form will end in さ。This is also the case for all な-adjectives, regardless of one's ability to measure them.

Adjective Noun
大きい・big 大きさ・size
長い・long 長さ・length
高い・tall 高さ・height
重い・heavy 重さ・weight
便利・convenient 便利さ・convenience
きれい・pretty きれいさ・prettiness

〜み

If, however, a quality cannot be measured objectively, its nominal form will almost always end in み、especially if it is a feeling or flavor.

Adjective Noun
痛い・painful 痛み・pain
悲しい・sad 悲しみ・sadness
甘い・sweet 甘み・sweetness
うまい・tasty うまみ・tastiness

Possibilities 8 · 2024-07-09 ^

In Japanese, there are four different expressions that translate to the English word "if."

- Natural Consequence

We use the word と when something is a natural, inevitable, and predictable consequence of something else. This cannot be a personal intention. It is often used when describing facts and operations, instructions, and habitual actions.

Example Translation
タイヤは古いと、危ないです。 If tires are old, they are dangerous.

なら - Future Speculation

We use なら when expressing that something will take effect in a certain context. This is often a personal intention about the future based on a given assumption about what will happen.

Example Translation
みんなが行くなら、私も行く。 If everyone is going, I will go as well.

- Conditional Focus

We can use the ば form of a verb to express a conditional sentence in almost any context. However, it is ungrammatical to use this construction when the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence and the sentence expresses a desire or prohibition. It places a special focus on what comes before it, and the outcome is usually good. The ば form sounds rather formal, so it's often used for writing and polite speech.

Example Translation
この薬を飲めば、よくなりますよ。 If you take this medicine, you will get better.

たら・だら - Consequence Focus

The use of たら or だら to end a past-tense verb presents the fewest restrictions and greatest freedom for expressing a conditional sentence in Japanese. It is often used for hypotheticals and speculations that have yet to be proven, much like the construction "if ... would ..." in English. It places a special focus on what comes after it. This is the only construction that is grammatical for a past event, or when the subject is the same in both parts of the sentence and the sentence expresses a desire or prohibition. Please refer to the example sentences below.

Example Translation
食べすぎたら、気持ち悪くなりました。 I got sick when I ate too much.
Example Translation
お酒を飲んだら、自転車に乗ってはいけません。 You must not ride your bike if you drink alcohol.

When in doubt about which form of "if" to use, たら or だら is usually a safe bet.

もし - Conditional Warning

The word もし cannot express "if" by itself. Rather, it is a supplemental word generally used at the beginning of a sentence to express that a conditional is coming. It generates a backdrop of uncertainty about the information ahead.

Example Translation
もし時間がないなら、明日でもいい。 Supposing you do not have time, tomorrow would also be alright.

Science 1 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

How to measure?

In Japanese, similar words often use different kanji characters in order to express different nuance. For instance, the character for “to measure” differs depending on the thing you’re measuring! All the words below are read はかる and all of them mean “to measure,” but the situations in which you would use each are different.

Japanese English
量る to measure (weight or volume)
計る to measure (quantities, time, temperature)
測る to measure (length, depth, width, speed)

〜さ

If a quality can be measured objectively, its nominal form will end in さ。This is also the case for all な-adjectives, regardless of one's ability to measure them.

Adjective Noun
大きい・big 大きさ・size
長い・long 長さ・length
高い・tall 高さ・height
重い・heavy 重さ・weight
便利・convenient 便利さ・convenience
きれい・pretty きれいさ・prettiness

Emergency 1 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Transitive and Intransitive Verb Pairs

Remember, transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object, while intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object. Transitive and intransitive verbs often occur in pairs, and their meaning and usage differs.

Japanese English
起こる (おころ) take place, occur (intransitive)
起こす (おこす) cause (transitive)

Remember that the particle is used to mark the direct object of a sentence, so you would always use it with a transitive verb.

Japanese English
事故は起こった。 An accident occurred.
事故起こした。 I caused an accident.

Transportation 2 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

As….as possible

できるだけ is a phrase meaning “as much as possible” or “as much as one can.” Depending on the subject of the sentence, the exact translation of the phrase can change, however.

Japanese English
できるだけ早くここへ来てください。 Please come here as soon as you can.
彼はできるだけ速く走りました。 He ran as fast as he could.
私はできるだけ多くの時間が必要です。 I need as much time as possible.

Education 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Only

There are two ways to express the idea of “only” or “just” in Japanese. One of them is with the word だけ, which is used with affirmative sentences.

Japanese English
百円だけあげます。 I will give you only a hundred yen.
見ているだけです。 I am just looking.

Another way you can express this idea is with the word しか, which has the same meaning but is used with negative sentences in Japanese, although the meaning of the sentence is not translated in the negative.

Japanese English
この部屋には田中さんしかません Only Mrs. Tanaka is in this room.
日本語の辞書を一冊しか持っていない I have only one Japanese dictionary.

Several

数〜 (すう〜) is a prefix that can be added to some words to mean “several….” or “a few…” Some examples are below.

Kanji Reading Meaning
数人 すうにん a few people, several people
数年 すうねん a few years, several years
数回 すうかい a few times, several times

Work 1 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Transitive and Intransitive Verb Pairs

The English language has certain sets of verbs that are related to each other but behave differently in a sentence. Transitive verbs like "raise" or "lay" always take a grammatical object. However, intransitive verbs like "rise" or "lie" never do. The same principle works in Japanese, with the examples below.

Transitive Verbs (take an object)

Japanese English
上げる・あげる raise (something)
下げる・さげる lower (something)

Intransitive Verbs (no object)

Japanese English
上がる・あがる rise
下がる・さがる fall

So how do you know if and when a verb is transitive or intransitive in Japanese? Aside from noticing which verbs do and do not take grammatical objects, there are a few spelling patterns that can act as clues.

  • Transitive verbs often end in え-sounds or す、like the verbs 始める (はじめる)、決める (きめる)、or 出す (だす)。
  • Their intransitive pairings often end in あ-sounds, like the verbs 始まる (はじまる) or 決まる (きまる)。

Greetings at Work

Greetings and set phrases are an extremely important part of Japanese work culture. Below is a sampling of some of the most important points.

Phrase Occasion
おはようございます A standard morning greeting, occasionally shorted to ございます、ます、or simply a loud hiss.
お疲れ様です・おつかれさまです A mid-day greeting to acknowledge that someone is doing such a good job that they look tired from doing so.
失礼します・しつれいします A routine apology said when entering or leaving a room.
お先に失礼します・おさきにしつれいします A routine apology said when leaving work before other people do so.
お疲れ様でした・おつかれさまでした A routine response to "お先に失礼します", acknowledging that the coworker's hard work has been appreciated.

Numbers 2 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Only

There are two ways to express the idea of “only” or “just” in Japanese. One of them is with the word だけ, which is used with affirmative sentences.

Japanese English
百円だけあげます。 I will give you only a hundred yen.
見ているだけです。 I am just looking.

Another way you can express this idea is with the word しか, which has the same meaning but is used with negative sentences in Japanese, although the meaning of the sentence is not translated in the negative.

Japanese English
この部屋には田中さんしかません Only Mrs. Tanaka is in this room.
日本語の辞書を一冊しか持っていない I have only one Japanese dictionary.

Several

数〜 (すう〜) is a prefix that can be added to some words to mean “several….” or “a few…” Some examples are below.

Kanji Reading Meaning
数人 すうにん a few people, several people
数年 すうねん a few years, several years
数回 すうかい a few times, several times

In order to…

The phrase のに has many different uses in Japanese. One of the meanings is “in order to (perform an action).” In this construction “AのにB” would be “I did B in order to A,” in which のに follows a verb in the short form. Some examples are listed below.

Japanese English
父は新聞を読むのに眼鏡を掛けました。 My father put on his glasses in order to read the newspaper.
この島へ来るのに飛行機を二回乗り換えた。 I transferred planes twice to come to this island.

Desires 1 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Sentence-Ending Particles な and なあ

Oftentimes when you want to express your positive emotions in Japanese, you end the sentence with either な or なあ、with the latter expressing an even deeper sense of longing for something. This particle does not translate directly into English, but it often acts similarly to the previously-introduced particle ね、which establishes a "harmony of understanding" between the speaker and listener.

Example Translation Emotional Depth
いい Isn't that nice! neutral
いい Isn't that nice! medium
いいなあ Isn't that nice! high

Volitional Form

This course introduced the polite phrase 〜ましょう relatively early on. This usually translates to "let's ... " but not always. If the speaker is referring to an action that is intended to be done alone, it translates better as "I will," a kind of definitive affirmation of one's desire to do something.

Example Translation
私は銀行に行きましょう。 I will go to the bank.

This lesson introduces the casual form of 〜ましょう, which is some iteration of 〜おう or 〜よう depending on the ending of the verb in question.

Example Translation
私は銀行に行こう I will go to the bank.
ピザを食べよう Let's eat pizza.
外であそぼう Let's play outside.

Society 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

Cities and Prefectures

Japan is divided into different areas, which are known as “prefectures.” Most of these areas will be identified by adding the character 県 (けん) to the end of the area’s name. For instance, if you lived in Yamaguchi prefecture, you would tell people you live in 山口 (やまぐちけん).

If you’re talking about a city, you would usually add the character 市 (し) to the end of the place name. So if you lived in Chiba City, you would tell people you live in 千葉 (ちば).

Did you know that sometimes a prefecture will contain a city of the same name? So if you live in Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, you would live in both 千葉県(ちばけん) and 千葉市 (ちばし)!

As a….

When discussing someone’s role, you can use the word として in Japanese. The word として comes after the noun or “role” that is being discussed. In English, it’s often translated to the word “as.”

Japanese English
友達として私は意見を言いました。 I said my opinion as a friend.
山口さんは地元の高校で先生として働いています。 Mr. Yamaguchi is working as a teacher at a local high school.

Memories 2 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Passive Voice

The passive voice in Japanese is a verb form that is unique to each verb ending, yet it is always some iteration of 〜あれる or 〜あれます。

Active Voice Passive Voice
食べる・食べます 食べられる・食べられます
言う・言います 言われる・言われます
読む・読みます 読まれる・読まれます

Remember that the topic or subject of a passive sentence is the recipient of the given action, and as such, it takes the は or が particle instead of を。

Example Translation
りんごは食べられた The apple was eaten.

When the passive sentence includes a causative agent, this person or thing is marked with に。

Example Translation
りんごは私に食べられた The apple was eaten by me.

Law 1 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

It just happened!

When you are describing an event that just occurred, you can use the phrase 〜ところ. The phrase follows directly after a verb in the short form. If the verb is in the non-past tense, it describes an action that is just about to happen. If the verb is in the past tense, it describes an event that just happened.

Japanese English
電車は出たところだ。 The train just left.
映画を見に行くところだった。 I was about to go to the movies.

Weather 3 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Stating Sources

When you’re giving information from another source, you can use the phrase 〜によると to state your source. It’s used when telling others information that you learned from the news or from another person. We commonly translate the phrase as “according to…”

Japanese English
予報によると、明日は雨だそうだ。 According to the forecast, it will rain tomorrow.
本田さんの話によると、あの映画は面白いらしい。 According to my conversation with Mr. Honda, that movie is supposed to be interesting.

Honorifics 1 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Formal Language

This lesson showcases some of the most common instances of formal language for use in business situations.

Nouns

To make a noun extra formal, one places an お〜 prefix before a word of Japanese origin (typically a word with a single kanji) and a ご〜 prefix before a word of Chinese origin (typically a word with two kanji). We already learned a few examples earlier in the course.

Ordinary Formal
水 (みず)
箸 (はし)
両親 (りょうしん) 両親
主人 (しゅじん) 主人
迷惑 (めいわく) 迷惑

Sometimes a noun will change completely in the transition from ordinary to formal language, often reflecting a parallel change in another part of speech, such as a verb.

Ordinary Formal
今日 (きょう) 本日 (ほんじつ)
言い訳 (いいわけ) 申し訳 (もうしわけ)

Adjectives

Adjectives typically do not change grammatical form in formal speech, but they are replaced with more formal varieties.

Ordinary Formal
良い (いい・よい) 宜しい (よろしい)

Verbs

For verbs, there is a mixed system. As introduced in an earlier lesson, some verbs adopt an お〜 prefix and may adopt the use of the copula です。

Ordinary Formal
入りますか? お入りですか?
待ってください。 お待ちください。

Meanwhile, some verbs are replaced with more formal variants.

Ordinary Formal
する 致します (いたします) (one's own actions)
する なさいます (someone else's actions)
ある ございます
もらう いただきます
くれる くださいます
行く・来る いらっしゃいます
言う 申します (もうします)
だ・です である (written form)
だ・です でございます (spoken form)
食べる 召し上がります (めしあがります)

Remember that formal language uses the polite 〜ます form at the end of each sentence. Ending a formal sentence with the plain form, だ or だろう sounds odd and incongruous with the context.

Transportation 4 4 · 2024-07-09 ^

Stop!

Don’t forget about transitive and intransitive verbs! Transitive verbs are verbs that take a direct object, while intransitive verbs are verbs that do not take a direct object. Transitive and intransitive verbs often occur in pairs, and even though the dictionary definition for both words is sometimes the same, their usage differs.

Japanese English
止める (とめる) to stop (transitive)
止まる (とまる) to stop (intransitive)

Remember that the particle is used to mark the direct object of a sentence, so you would use it with a transitive verb.

Japanese English
運転手は急に車止めた。 The driver suddenly stopped the car.
バスが急に止まった。 The bus stopped suddenly.

Casual 1 6 · 2024-07-09 ^

Casual Language

Welcome to the casual language in the Japanese course! The reason that colloquial language is listed late in the tree is that we wanted you to understand the importance of politeness when speaking with strangers or coworkers.

When you speak with friends in casual settings or watch anime, you may hear a lot of expressions that you have yet to be introduced to.

Pronouns

There are two male pronouns reserved for casual settings, 俺 (おれ), meaning "I" or "me," and お前 (おまえ) meaning "you." In formal settings, use of these pronouns is considered confrontational and impolite. Both 俺 and お前 sound extremely rough and masculine, which is why typically they are reserved for boys or men who are teenagers or older.

In addition, you may hear women and girls use the pronoun あたし (sometimes written 私) to refer to themselves. This is not considered as polite as わたし、but considerably more so than 俺。

Particle Dropping

In polite and written Japanese, grammatical particles that mark parts of speech, such as は and が、see heavy use. However, in more casual settings, they are often dropped when the meaning is clear without them. In Japanese just as in English, formality and sentence length go hand-in-hand.

Formal Casual
あなたは今どこですか? 今、どこ?
あの方はどなたですか? 彼、誰?
それでは、行きましょう。 よし、行こう。

Tech 2 5 · 2024-07-09 ^

I didn’t mean to!

When you’ve done something unintentionally, you can use the word つい to emphasize the fact that it was an accident. It’s often paired with the V+てしまう form, and it’s generally used to express regret over having done something you know you shouldn’t have done.

Japanese English
友達と話していてもついスマホを見てしまう。 Even when I am talking with my friends, I wind up looking at my smartphone unintentionally.

This sentence has a connotation of something like, “I wind up looking at my smartphone (even though I know that I shouldn’t).”

You can also use the word うっかり to express that you’ve done something carelessly or accidentally.

Japanese English
うっかりエアコンを消し忘れた。 I carelessly forgot to turn off the air conditioner.

Four Seasons 7 · 2024-07-09 ^

Did you know that Japan has four seasons?

Many who have visited Japan have been asked this question, and for good reason. Unlike in many parts of the world, the four seasons in Japan are quite distinct and a core part of Japanese culture. The cyclical nature of the year has been celebrated on the archipelago for millennia with festivals, rituals, and seasonal food.

Spring is the traditional start of the year, a time of new beginnings, a new school year, and a new year on the business calendar. Cherry blossoms bloom throughout Japan to mark the transition into spring. Families and friends gather underneath the blossoming trees and have picnics with rice dumplings (団子・だんご) and various beverages.

Summer is remarkably hot and humid throughout Japan, especially in areas away from the mountains or the sea. Summer festivals offer a respite from the heat with flavored shaved ice (かき氷・かきごおり) and cool drinks. Near the end of summer, many in Japan return to their hometowns to celebrate the Bon Festival, a holiday to commemorate the spirits of one's ancestors.

Autumn is the season when the maple leaves turn a colorful spectrum of red, orange, and gold. The weather cools down, and the true bounty of the harvest takes the form of the many delicacies available at this time, including baked sweet potato and a warming, broth-based stew (おでん).

Winter is the season for heavy snow in the mountains of central Japan and throughout the north and northwest of the country. On New Years, Japanese people traditionally eat long buckwheat noodles (そば) as a wish for future health and longevity. Department stores celebrate the new year with mystery grab bags. Sapporo holds its annual snow festival in February, complete with enormous sculptures that attract visitors from around the world.


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