Japanese Skills by StrengthCrownsNameOriginal Order

• ••• 05 Time 162 @ 100% 0

  Kanji from this Skill

  Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

  Kanji	Meaning	Kunyomi Reading	Onyomi Reading
  一	One	ひと•つ	いち
  二	Two	ふた•つ	に
  三	Three	みっ•つ	さん
  時	Time	とき	じ
  今	Now	いま	こん
  分	Minute, Part	わ•かる	ふん、ぶん

• ••• 05 Food 1121 @ 100% 0

  あれ · おちゃ · ごはん · さかな · にく · のみ · やさい · を · パン · 水 · 魚
  11 words

  Object Particle

  The marker を is attached to things or people, and means that they are the target of the verb. Subjects are often omitted in Japanese sentences. Unlike English, the location of the verbs are usually at the end of the sentence. を was once pronounced wo, but now it’s the [o] sound.

  Object	を	Verb	English
  みず	を	のみます。	I drink water.
  さかな	を	たべます。	I eat fish.

  General Pronouns

  This lesson also introduces the general pronouns これ、それ、あれ、and どれ、which translate to "this," "that," "that (over there)," and "which (one)," respectively.

  	こ	そ	あ	ど
  Japanese	これ	それ	あれ	どれ
  English	this	that	that (over there)	which
  Notes	closer to the speaker	closer to the listener	far from both the speaker and listener	question

  Kanji from this Skill

  Below is a table of the two kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

  Kanji	Meaning	Kunyomi Reading	Onyomi Reading
  水	Water	みず	すい
  食	Eat	た•べる	しょく

• ••• 05 Greetings22 @ 100% 0

  おねがいします · おはよう · おやすみなさい · けん · こちらこそ · こんにちは · こんばんは · ございます · ごめんなさい · さようなら · さん · じゃ · じゃあ · じゃあね · です · です · どういたしまして · どうぞ · どうぞよろしく · どうぞよろしく · どうも · なおみ · はな · またあした · またね · よろしく
  26 words

  Saying Thank You

  The phrase "thank you" in Japanese is dependent on the situation. Below is a table of the most common forms, from least to most formal. Note that the formality increases with the length of the phrase.

  Japanese	Explanation
  どうも	Thanks, used with friends.
  ありがとう	Thank you, used with friends.
  どうもありがとう	Thank you very much, used with friends.
  ありがとうございます	Thank you, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
  どうもありがとうございます	Thank you very much, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.

  Saying Thank You for a Past Action

  If you'd like to thank someone for something they did in the past, you change the ございます ending to ございました。

  Japanese	Explanation
  ありがとうございました	Thank you for what you did, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.
  どうもありがとうございました	Thank you very much for what you did, used with strangers, teachers, and bosses.

• ••• 05 Introduction 2111 @ 100% 0

  ええ · が · げんき · さくら · ではありません · はなせ · も · もちろん · わたし · イギリス · 何 · 元気 · 名前 · 茂 · 話せ
  15 words

  Basic Grammar

  One thing that makes Japanese very different from English is the Japanese tendency to drop the subject of the sentence when the meaning is clear from context. Statements usually refer to oneself, while questions usually address the person you're speaking with.

  The Question Marker

  Adding question marker か at the end will make the affirmative (positive) sentence into question. If the sentences end in ～です, it’s easy to formulate questions by using ～ですか。

  Positive	Question
  アメリカ人です。(I’m American.)	アメリカ人ですか。(Are you American?)
  がくせいです。(I’m a student.)	がくせいですか。(Are you a student?)

  Pronouns

  Pronouns are relatively rare in Japanese, but they are sometimes used to explicitly specify the subject or topic of a sentence. Below are some of the most common ones.

  Person	Singular	Plural
  First	私・わたし is used in polite settings by women and men, used by women in most other settings. 僕・ぼく is used by men in informal settings.	私たち・わたしたち is most common. 我々・われわれ sounds rather stiff and business-like.
  Second	あなた is used in polite settings, however, if you know someone's name, it's best to call them by their name, typically followed by さん or せんせい。君・きみ is used by men in informal settings, specifically to those on or beneath one's social level.	あなたたち is used in formal settings, and 君たち・きみたち is used in informal settings, especially to subordinates.
  Third - Male	彼・かれ	彼ら・かれら is also used for a mixed-gendered group
  Third - Female	彼女・かのじょ	彼女たち・かのじょたち

  Kanji from this Skill

  Below is a table of the eight kanji that are introduced in this lesson, complete with possible readings.

  Kanji	Meaning	Kunyomi Reading	Onyomi Reading
  学	Education	まな•ぶ	がく
  生	Born, Raw	なま、い•きる	せい
  先	Previous	さき	せん
  英	English		えい
  語	Language	かた•る	ご
  何	What	なに
  名	Name	な	めい、みょう
  前	Before	まえ	ぜん

• ••• 05 Hiragana 221 @ 100% 0

  あまい · おさけ · きたない · きる · こんにちは · さようなら · すき · てりやき · のむ · ほしい · やさい · よむ · よる · わたし
  14 words

  Hiragana Pronunciation

  Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

  Japanese	IPA, Notes
  あ	[a]
  い	[i]
  う	[ɯ], like the oo in food
  え	[e]
  お	[o]
  か	[ka]
  き	[ki]
  く	[kɯ]
  け	[ke]
  こ	[ko]
  さ	[sa]
  し	[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
  す	[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
  せ	[se]
  そ	[so]
  た	[ta]
  ち	[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
  つ	[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
  て	[te]
  と	[to]
  な	[na]
  に	[ni]
  ぬ	[nɯ]
  ね	[ne]
  の	[no]
  は	[ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
  ひ	[çi], like the h in human
  ふ	[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
  へ	[he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
  ほ	[ho]
  ま	[ma]
  み	[mi]
  む	[mɯ]
  め	[me]
  も	[mo]
  や	[ja]
  ゆ	[jɯ]
  よ	[jo]
  ら	[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
  り	[ɾi]
  る	[ɾɯ]
  れ	[ɾe]
  ろ	[ɾo]
  わ	[ɰa]
  を	[o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
  ん	[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

  As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, ん is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with ん。

• ••• 05 Hiragana 331 @ 100% 0

  いえ · いぬ · くもり · せなか · そと · とり · なつ · ねこ · はれ · ひる · ふゆ · へや · みみ · め
  14 words

  Hiragana Pronunciation

  Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

  Japanese	IPA, Notes
  あ	[a]
  い	[i]
  う	[ɯ], like the oo in food
  え	[e]
  お	[o]
  か	[ka]
  き	[ki]
  く	[kɯ]
  け	[ke]
  こ	[ko]
  さ	[sa]
  し	[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
  す	[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
  せ	[se]
  そ	[so]
  た	[ta]
  ち	[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
  つ	[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
  て	[te]
  と	[to]
  な	[na]
  に	[ni]
  ぬ	[nɯ]
  ね	[ne]
  の	[no]
  は	[ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
  ひ	[çi], like the h in human
  ふ	[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
  へ	[he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
  ほ	[ho]
  ま	[ma]
  み	[mi]
  む	[mɯ]
  め	[me]
  も	[mo]
  や	[ja]
  ゆ	[jɯ]
  よ	[jo]
  ら	[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
  り	[ɾi]
  る	[ɾɯ]
  れ	[ɾe]
  ろ	[ɾo]
  わ	[ɰa]
  を	[o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
  ん	[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

  As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, ん is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with ん。

• ••• 05 Hiragana 110 @ 100% 0

  あお · あか · おはよう · しろ · なな · はい · よん · ろく
  8 words

  Welcome to the Japanese course!

  While many consider Japanese to be very difficult to learn for native English speakers, this is only partially true. Many aspects of the Japanese language are quite simple, such as the sound system, and yes, even most of the grammar.

  Writing Systems

  Japanese uses three different writing systems, hiragana, katakana, and kanji.

  Hiragana is the most basic Japanese syllabary. It's like an alphabet that uses syllables instead of individual sounds.

  Katakana is the syllabary used to write foreign words and some noises. Although it's different from hiragana, it represents the exact same syllables.

  Kanji are Chinese characters used in the Japanese language to write individual nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Kanji are not phonetic, meaning you need to memorize each pronunciation individually. In this course, we introduce kanji gradually and methodically.

  Hiragana Pronunciation

  Below are the most basic forms of Japanese hiragana. We'll be introducing some more later as well.

  Japanese	IPA, Notes
  あ	[a]
  い	[i]
  う	[ɯ], like the oo in food
  え	[e]
  お	[o]
  か	[ka]
  き	[ki]
  く	[kɯ]
  け	[ke]
  こ	[ko]
  さ	[sa]
  し	[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
  す	[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
  せ	[se]
  そ	[so]
  た	[ta]
  ち	[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
  つ	[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
  て	[te]
  と	[to]
  な	[na]
  に	[ni]
  ぬ	[nɯ]
  ね	[ne]
  の	[no]
  は	[ha], although pronounced like [ɰa] or "wa" as a particle
  ひ	[çi], like the h in human
  ふ	[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
  へ	[he], although pronounced like [e] or "eh" as a particle
  ほ	[ho]
  ま	[ma]
  み	[mi]
  む	[mɯ]
  め	[me]
  も	[mo]
  や	[ja]
  ゆ	[jɯ]
  よ	[jo]
  ら	[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
  り	[ɾi]
  る	[ɾɯ]
  れ	[ɾe]
  ろ	[ɾo]
  わ	[ɰa]
  を	[o], although it's most often romanized as "wo"
  ん	[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"

  As the only solitary consonant in hiragana, ん is especially notable because it is only found at the end of another syllable. In other words, you will never read a Japanese word that begins with ん。

  Enjoy the course!

• ••• 05 Hiragana 432 @ 100% 0

  えもじ · えんぴつ · かぜ · かばん · がっこう · きっぷ · きゅう · きょう · ぎんこう · くだもの · ちず · てんぷら · でんわ · なっとう · べんとう · まんが
  16 words

  In the following skill, we introduce a few more elements to basic hiragana.

  Hiragana Part II: Dakuten

  Putting two little dashes or dakuten at the upper right corner of a hiragana syllable voices the consonant. It changes the pronunciation of the hiragana in the following way:

  Sound	Sound with Dakuten	Example
  k	g	か (ka) → が (ga)
  s	z	さ (sa) → ざ (za), し (shi) → じ (ji)*
  t	d	た (ta) → だ (da), つ (tsu) → づ (zu)*
  h	b	は (ha) → ば (ba)

  Putting a little circle or handakuten at the upper right corner changes the pronunciation of the は-ひ-ふ-へ-ほ hiragana in the following way:

  Sound	Sound with Handakuten	Example
  h	p	は (ha) → ぱ (pa)

  Hiragana Part III: Small っ

  Putting a っ (small tsu) between two hiragana syllables doubles the letter right after っ and introduces a short pause between two sounds. See some examples below:

  Without っ	With っ
  きて (kite)	きって (kitte)
  もと (moto)	もっと (motto)
  あさり (asari)	あっさり (assari)

  Hiragana Part IV: Big and Small Characters

  Lastly, this skill introduces the big and small versions of three sounds in hiragana. A small や、ゆ、or よ changes the pronunciation of a word in the following way:

  Big や-ゆ-よ	Small や-ゆ-よ
  きや [ki-ya]	きゃ [kya]
  きゆ [ki-yu]	きゅ [kyu]
  きよ [ki-yo]	きょ [kyo]

  The small character changes the two-syllable construction into a one-syllable construction. Sometimes, the difference can lead to a real change in meaning, as shown below:

  Big よ	Small よ
  びよういん [bi-yō-in] "beauty salon"	びょういん [byō-in] "hospital"

• ••• 05 Introduction101 @ 100% 0

  しゅっしん · といいます · と言います · はじめまして · アメリカ · ジョン · マリア · 中国 · 人 · 出身 · 日本 · 本田
  12 words

  Introduction to Kanji

  This lesson introduces the non-phonetic writing system of Japanese, kanji. Kanji literally means "Chinese characters," and they're used to build content words like nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

  Kanji Readings

  So how do you read kanji? Most kanji have at least two possible readings. Typically, one reading is derived from a native Japanese word, and one reading is derived from a Chinese loanword. These are called "kunyomi" ("meaning reading") and "onyomi" ("sound reading") respectively.

  Let's take the kanji for "country," 国。On its own, we use the Japanese "kunyomi" reading, くに。In Japanese, くに means "country." However, in compounds, we use the "onyomi" reading of こく。Therefore, China, 中国 or "middle country," is read as ちゅうごく。

  Rendaku

  So why isn't it ちゅうこく？This is due to a phenomenon known as "rendaku" or "sequential voicing." Syllables that come later in a word are sometimes voiced and marked with a dakuten. This is often rather unpredictable, so rendaku words should be memorized individually.

  Example Kanji

  Below is a table of the six kanji that are introduced in this lesson, complete with possible readings.

  Kanji	Meaning	Kunyomi Reading	Onyomi Reading
  人	Person	ひと	じん、にん
  中	Middle	なか	ちゅう
  国	Country	くに	こく
  日	Sun, Day	ひ	にち、じつ
  本	Origin, Book	もと	ほん
  田	Rice Paddy	た	でん

  You may have noticed that the word Japan, or 日本 is composed of the kanji meaning "sun" and "origin." This word was first adopted by the Chinese, and to them, Japan was off to the east, the place where the sun rose or "originated."

  Katakana Pronunciation

  This lesson also introduces katakana, the phonetic Japanese writing system used for foreign words. See their pronunciation below.

  Basic Katakana

  Japanese	IPA, Notes
  ア	[a]
  イ	[i]
  ウ	[ɯ], like the oo in food
  エ	[e]
  オ	[o]
  カ	[ka]
  キ	[ki]
  ク	[kɯ]
  ケ	[ke]
  コ	[ko]
  サ	[sa]
  シ	[ɕi], like the shee in sheep
  ス	[sɯ], although it can shorten to more of a [s] at the end of a word
  セ	[se]
  ソ	[so]
  タ	[ta]
  チ	[tɕi], like the tch in itchy
  ツ	[tsɯ], like the ts in cats
  テ	[te]
  ト	[to]
  ナ	[na]
  ニ	[ni]
  ヌ	[nɯ]
  ネ	[ne]
  ノ	[no]
  ハ	[ha]
  ヒ	[çi], like the h in human
  フ	[ɸɯ], roughly between a short "hoo" and "foo"
  ヘ	[he]
  ホ	[ho]
  マ	[ma]
  ミ	[mi]
  ム	[mɯ]
  メ	[me]
  モ	[mo]
  ヤ	[ja]
  ユ	[jɯ]
  ヨ	[jo]
  ラ	[ɾa], like the t in the American pronunciation of butter
  リ	[ɾi]
  ル	[ɾɯ]
  レ	[ɾe]
  ロ	[ɾo]
  ワ	[ɰa]
  ヲ	[wo] or [o], although it's used very rarely
  ン	[n] or [ŋ], like the n in pink, producing a [m] when combined with a bilabial stop, hence "tempura" and not "tenpura"
  ー	long vowel mark, used to extend the vowel sound that precedes it

  Katakana with Dakuten

  Japanese	IPA, Notes
  ガ	[ga]
  ギ	[gi]
  グ	[gɯ]
  ゲ	[ge]
  ゴ	[go]
  ザ	[za]
  ジ	[dʑi], like the jee in jeep
  ズ	[zɯ]
  ゼ	[ze]
  ゾ	[zo]
  ダ	[da]
  ヂ	[dʑi], like the jee in jeep
  ヅ	[zɯ]
  デ	[de]
  ド	[do]
  バ	[ba]
  ビ	[bi]
  ブ	[bɯ]
  ベ	[be]
  ボ	[bo]
  パ	[pa]
  ピ	[pi]
  プ	[pɯ]
  ペ	[pe]
  ポ	[po]

• ••• 14 Time 2290 @ 100% 0

  ちょうど · ゼロ · 九 · 今 · 八 · 分 · 十 · 半 · 時
  9 words

  https://d1btvuu4dwu627.cloudfront.net/bbc5b4806fd07a831f2445a3b037da58/69c90409df3dea2916f4461de88f84ab/web/5/1.json
• ••• 23 Time 381 @ 100% 0

  おき · かいしゃ · ね · れい
  4 words

  Directional Particle

  The particle へ indicates a direction towards which something or someone moves. This movement is the direction away from the current location. When used as a particle, へ is pronounced as [e].　

  Location and Time Particle

  The particle に with a time expression indicates a specific point in time. に can also express times on a clock, days of the week, or years.

  Direction	English	Location or Time	English
  会社・かいしゃへ	to the office	３時・じに	at 3 o’clock
  学校・がっこうへ	to school	月曜日・げつようびに	on Monday
  日本・にほんへ	to Japan	５月・がつに	in May
  アメリカへ	to America	２０１６年・ねんに	in 2016

  Kanji from this Skill

  Below is a table of the four kanji that are introduced in this skill, complete with possible readings.

  Kanji	Meaning	Kunyomi Reading	Onyomi Reading
  行	Go	い•く	こう
  校	School		こう
  午	Noon		ご
  後	After	あと、うし•ろ	ご

• ••• 32 Introduction 3702 @ 100% 0

  います · いません · おおさか · きょうと · さい · すんで · そう · たち · ちがい · とうきょう · ね · もうし · よ · りゅうがく生 · 中学 · 京都 · 住んで · 外国人 · 大学 · 大阪 · 小学 · 年生 · 東京 · 歳 · 生 · 申し · 留学生 · 違い · 高校
  29 words

  Sentence-Ending Particles

  This lesson introduces two of the most common sentence-ending particles, ね and よ。Used exclusively in conversation, they communicate intention rather than concrete meaning, and as such, they are difficult to translate directly.

  ね is used to seek passive agreement from the person being spoken to, much like "... right?" or "... correct?" in English.

  • いい天気 (てんき) ですね means "nice weather, isn't it?" and is a common expression on mild, sunny days.

  よ is used to express certainty in a matter of uncertainty, as if to emphasize the truth of the words that come before it. This sense of emphasis mirrors the use of the word "does" in the English sentence "She (actually) does enjoy tennis."

  • お元気 (げんき) ですか？means "are you doing well?" and a valid response would be as follows.

  • 元気 (げんき) ですよ means "I am doing well (you know)" and communicates that perhaps the answerer's health was actually poor recently and they intend to underline their present healthiness.

• ••• 32 Home91 @ 100% 0

  いえ · いす · だいどころ · つくえ · とり · にわ · ねこ · ふろ · へや · まど · わ
  11 words

  The Verbs あります and います

  あります and います are very special verbs in Japanese that refer to something's existence. They're often translated into English as "there is" or "there are." Even though they're often translated identically, they describe different objects:

  • あります is used for inanimate objects, like books, rooms, televisions, and apples.
  • います is used for animate objects, like people, cats, dogs, and other animals.

  Japanese Counting Words

  The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. You use these words when you want to mention a specific number of a certain noun. Below is how they are typically formed.

  Noun	Particle	Number + Counter	Verb
  鳥・とり	が	二羽・にわ	います

  • 鳥が二羽います means "there are two birds."

  In Japanese, you also have the option of placing the number and counter before the noun, but this is less common and typically involves an additional particle.

  Number + Counter	の	Noun	Particle	Verb
  二羽・にわ	の	鳥・とり	が	います

  • 二羽の鳥がいます also means "there are two birds."

  Below is a table for 羽、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 羽 is a counter used just for birds and rabbits.

  Number	Form of 羽
  １・一・いち	一羽・いちわ
  ２・二・に	二羽・にわ
  ３・三・さん	三羽・さんわ
  ４・四・よん	四羽・よんわ
  ５・五・ご	五羽・ごわ
  ６・六・ろく	六羽・ろくわ
  ７・七・なな	七羽・しちわ
  ８・八・はち	八羽・はちわ
  ９・九・きゅう	九羽・きゅうわ
  １０・十・じゅう	十羽・じゅうわ

  Kanji from this Skill

  Below you will find the kanji for all of the vocabulary words in this skill.

  Kanji	Hiragana	Meaning	Components
  台所	だいどころ	kitchen	pedestal + place
  部屋	へや	room	division + dwelling
  風呂	ふろ	bath	wind + spine
  庭	にわ	yard, garden
  家	いえ	house
  窓	まど	window
  猫	ねこ	cat
  犬	いぬ	dog
  鳥	とり	bird
  椅子	いす	chair	chair + small thing
  机	つくえ	desk

• ••• 32 Hobby 2772 @ 75% 25

  ありません · いそがしく · いっしょ · えいがかん · おしえ · かけ · こうえん · さあ · さ来週 · つくり · ばんごう · ひき · ましょう · ましょうか · ませんか · また · りょうり · れんしゅう · カメラ · ギター · スポーツ · パソコン · ピアノ · プール · 今月 · 今週 · 会い · 作り · 先月 · 先週 · 公園 · 再来週 · 大じょうぶ · 大丈夫 · 弾き · 忙しく · 教え · 料理 · 新聞 · 映画館 · 来月 · 来週 · 番号 · 練習 · 電話
  45 words

  Together!

  In Japanese, there are different ways to ask someone to do something with you. Your verb ending can subtly change the nature of your request or suggestion.

  Verb Ending	Meaning in English
  ~ませんか	"Would you like to...?" / "Do you want to...?"
  ~ましょう	"Let's..."
  ~ましょうか？	"Shall we...?" / "Should we...?"

  Japanese	English
  プールで泳ぎませんか？	Would you like to swim at the pool?
  プールで泳ぎましょう。	Let's swim at the pool.
  プールで泳ぎましょうか？	Shall we swim at the pool?

  Weeks and Months

  Japanese has specific words for ideas like "last week," "next week" and "this week." There is even a word for "the week after next"! Maybe you'll notice a pattern with how these words are formed!

  Word	Reading	Meaning
  今月	こんげつ	this month
  来月	らいげつ	next month
  先月	せんげつ	last month

  Word	Reading	Meaning
  今週	こんしゅう	this week
  来週	らいしゅう	next week
  先週	せんしゅう	last week
  再来週	さらいしゅう	the week after next

  Playing an Instrument

  Japanese uses different verbs to talk about playing different kinds of musical instruments. In this skill, you will encounter the verb used for playing a string instrument - 弾きます (ひきます). Don't forget that the piano is included as a string instrument!

  Japanese	English
  ピアノを弾きます。	I play the piano.
  ギターを弾きます。	I play the guitar.

• ••• 32 Transportation140 @ 75% 25

  えき · おそい · おそく · くうこう · じてん車 · ちかい · ちかく · ちかてつ · ちず · つかい · とおい · とおく · はやい · はやく · ひこうき
  15 words

  Negative い-Adjectives

  When い-adjectives are switched from positive to negative, they undergo a spelling change. The characteristic い-ending switches to a く、and the phrase meaning "not" is added to the end. The final result is an ending such as くないです。See the example below.

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしいです。	This is delicious.
  これはおいしくないです。	This is not delicious.

  Just like with positive い-adjectives, all negative い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech.

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしくない。	This is not delicious.

  To make the speech more formal, one can change the ending from くないです to くありません。

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしくありません。	This is not delicious.

• ••• 32 Hobby 1751 @ 75% 25

  あそび · あまり · うた · うたい · え · えいが · およぎ · おんがく · かき · さんぽ · しゃしん · てがみ · ときどき · とり · ならい · はしり · まい · よく · りょこう · 二人 · 写真 · 手紙 · 描き · 撮り · 散歩 · 旅行 · 映画 · 書き · 枚 · 歌 · 歌い · 泳ぎ · 絵 · 習い · 聞き · 見 · 読み · 走り · 遊び · 音楽
  40 words

  Counting People

  Counting people in Japanese is relatively easy, but there are a couple irregular forms. Please reference the following table to learn how to count people.

  Number	Form of 人
  １・一・いち	一人・ひとり
  ２・二・に	二人・ふたり
  ３・三・さん	三人・さんにん
  ４・四・よん	四人・よにん
  ５・五・ご	五人・ごにん
  ６・六・ろく	六人・ろくにん
  ７・七・なな	七人・しちにん
  ８・八・はち	八人・はちにん
  ９・九・きゅう	九人・きゅうにん
  １０・十・じゅう	十人・じゅうにん

  You will also see another counter, 枚 (まい), which is used to count flat things. Thankfully, 枚 has no irregular forms, and so it's read the same way regardless of the number that comes before it.

  Not Much

  あまり is a word you can use with negative sentences to express ideas like “not much,” “not often” or “not many.” Below are a few examples of its usage.

  Japanese	English
  映画はあまり見ません。	I do not watch a lot of movies.
  散歩はあまりしません。	I do not go on walks very often.

• ••• 32 Position731 @ 75% 25

  あたらしい · うち · さつ · たくさん · ちょっと · となり · ひくい · ふるい · みじかい · よこ · れいぞうこ · テレビ · ベッド · 一人 · 上 · 下 · 中 · 冊 · 冷蔵庫 · 前 · 右 · 外 · 大きい · 小さい · 左 · 布団 · 後ろ · 本 · 本だな · 鏡 · 長い · 間 · 隣
  33 words

  Expressing Position

  As noted in an earlier lesson, Japanese has two special verbs that mean "be" or "exist" depending on the animateness of the subject. います is used for living things, while あります is used for inanimate objects. We use these verbs to describe someone or something's position relative to something else.

  Topic	Location	の	Directional	Verb
  猫・ねこ・は	机・つくえ	の	上・うえ・に	います

  • 猫は机の上にいます means "the cat is on the desk."

  Topic	Location	の	Directional	Verb
  本・ほん・は	机・つくえ	の	上・うえ・に	あります

  • 本は机の上にあります means "the book is on the desk."

  Notice how the verb changes depending on whether or not the topic is animate.

• ••• 32 Activity 1721 @ 75% 25

  あさって · あした · あした · いそがしい · いつ · かい · から · きのう · し · しごと · でした · と · はたらき · はなし · へいじつ · べんきょう · ました · まで · よう日 · パーティー · 今日 · 仕事 · 働き · 勉強 · 友だち · 友達 · 土 · 忙しい · 日 · 明後日 · 明日 · 昨日 · 時間 · 木 · 来 · 水 · 火 · 話し · 買い · 週まつ · 金
  41 words

  Past Tense

  This lesson introduces the past tense of verbs. In Japanese, there are other varieties of tense, but we will cover those in later lessons. Changing a verb from the present/future tense to the past tense is rather simple.

  • パンを食 (た) べます means either "I will eat bread" or "I eat bread."
  • パンを食 (た) べました means "I ate bread."

  Verb Tense	Positive Ending
  Present	〜ます
  Future	〜ます
  Past	〜ました

  Instead of changing the negative ending 〜ません to make a negative past tense verb ("did not eat"), we simply add the word でした to the end.

  • パンを食 (た) べません means either "I will not eat bread" or "I do not eat bread."
  • パンを食 (た) べませんでした means "I did not eat bread."

  Verb Tense	Negative Ending
  Present	〜ません
  Future	〜ません
  Past	〜ませんでした

  The endings above apply to all verbs that end with 〜ます。

• ••• 41 Weather171 @ 50% 50

  あさ · あたたかい · あたたかく · あつい · あつく · かぜ · くらい · くらく · けさ · こんばん · さむい · さむく · すずしい · すずしく · そら · つよい · つよく · はれ · ひるま · ふり · ゆうがた · ゆうべ · ゆき · よる · よわい · よわく · わるい · わるく · 雨
  29 words

• ••• 41 Family111 @ 50% 50

  あに · あね · いもうと · おとうと · おにいさん · おねえさん · かぞく · かのじょ · かれ · かれら · きょうだい · しまい · りょうしん
  13 words

  Familial Terms

  Japanese uses a number of terms for family members. Some use the honorific form, which is typically reserved for someone else's family members, while others use a shorter, more casual form, reserved for your own family members.

  Still, these rules are not hard and fast. You will still hear children use the honorific form to address their own mother or father.

  Family Member	Honorific Form	Personal Form
  Older Brother	お兄さん (おにいさん)	兄 (あに)
  Older Sister	お姉さん (おねえさん)	姉 (あね)
  Younger Brother	弟さん (おとうとさん)	弟 (おとうと)
  Younger Sister	妹さん (いもうとさん)	妹 (いもうと)
  Child	お子さん (おこさん)	子供 (こども)
  Parents	ご両親 (ごりょうしん)	両親 (りょうしん)
  Father	お父さん (おとうさん)	父 (ちち)
  Mother	お母さん (おかあさん)	母 (はは)
  Grandfather	お祖父さん (おじいさん)	祖父 (そふ)
  Grandmother	お祖母さん (おばあさん)	祖母 (そぼ)
  Uncle Older than Parent	伯父さん (おじさん)	伯父 (おじ)
  Aunt Older than Parent	伯母さん (おばさん)	伯母 (おば)
  Uncle Younger than Parent	叔父さん (おじさん)	叔父 (おじ)
  Aunt Younger than Parent	叔母さん (おばさん)	叔母 (おば)
  Husband	ご主人 (ごしゅじん)	夫 (おっと)
  Wife	奥さん (おくさん)	妻 (つま)

  Arriving and Departing Phrases

  This skill also teaches a special set of Japanese phrases when someone enters or exits a home. These are in widespread use throughout Japan.

  One makes the statement when one either departs from or arrives in a home, and one makes the response upon hearing the corresponding statement.

  	Statement	Response
  When Departing	いってきます	いってらっしゃい
  Translation	"I'm leaving!"	"Take care!"
  When Returning	ただいま	おかえりなさい
  Translation	"I'm home!"	"Welcome back!"

• ••• 41 Restaurant111 @ 50% 50

  あさごはん · あつい · あの · あまい · いくら · おいしい · きらい · しょくどう · つめたい · で · どの · ばんごはん · ひるごはん · やすい · レストラン · 嫌い · 昼ご飯 · 晩ご飯 · 朝ご飯 · 食堂 · 高い
  21 words

  Determiners

  Just like in English, determiners in Japanese come before a noun and signify both its location and relationship with the speaker. Japanese also has two words for "that" depending on whether or not the listener is close to the noun or not.

  • この本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "this book is expensive" when the book in question is close to you but farther from the person you're speaking to.

  • その本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far from you but near the person you're speaking to.

  • あの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) です means "that book is expensive" when the book in question is far away from both you and the person you're speaking to.

  • どの本 (ほん) は高い (たかい) ですか？ means "which book is expensive?" no matter where the book in question happens to be.

  Place Marker

  The particle で usually shows the location of action or event, such as "at" "in" or "on" in English. で also indicates "with" "by" or "using" to show a language or tools being used.

  Adjectives

  This lesson also introduces Japanese adjectives, which are divided into い-adjectives and な-adjectives.

  い-Adjectives

  い-adjectives are true adjectives that have been in the Japanese language since the very beginning. All of them end in い、although not all adjectives that end in い are in fact い-adjectives. See how they operate using the example い-adjective おいしい、meaning "delicious."

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしいです。	This is delicious.

  Note that all い-adjectives can drop the です ending in casual speech. This is grammatical as well.

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしい。	This is delicious.

  When placed before a noun, there's no change to the spelling of an い-adjective.

  Sentence	Translation
  おいしいすしです。	It is delicious sushi.

  We will be introducing the other major category of Japanese adjectives later in the course.

  Large Numbers

  Japanese has certain conventions for writing large numbers. Below are the kanji and readings for a few of them that will be introduced in this lesson.

  Japanese	English
  百 (ひゃく)	one hundred
  千 (せん)	one thousand
  万 (まん)	ten thousand

  百 and 千 can be used in isolation to mean 100 and 1,000.

  Example	Translation
  百円 (ひゃくえん)	100 yen
  千円 (せんえん)	1,000 yen

  It would sound unnatural in Japanese to write 一百 or 一千 when you have 100 or 1,000 of something. However, 万 functions with the opposite convention; when you have 10,000 of something, it is customary to put 一 in front of it.

  Example	Translation
  一万円 (いちまんえん)	10,000 yen

• ••• 41 Olympics272 @ 25% 75

  かいじょう · しゅもく · じゅうどう · すいえい · せんしゅ · たいそう · りくじょう · オリンピック
  8 words

• ••• 41 Subculture271 @ 25% 75

  あきはばら · いけぶくろ · しぶや · にんじゃ · はらじゅく · オタク · コスプレ · メイド
  8 words

• ••• 41 Health261 @ 25% 75

  あし · あたま · いしゃ · いたい · いたく · うんどう · かお · かぜ · かみ · からだ · くすり · すぎ · せ · は · はな · びょう気 · ふとって · みがいて · みがかないで · みがき · やすんだ · メガネ
  22 words

  The Short Past Form

  The short past form is made by taking the て-form of the verb and replacing with た or だ.

  Verb	Kanji	Plain Form	て-Form	Past
  write	書く	かく	かいて	かいた
  swim	泳ぐ	およぐ	およいで	およいだ
  rest	休む	やすむ	やすんで	やすんだ
  play	遊ぶ	あそぶ	あそんで	あそんだ
  buy	買う	かう	かって	かった

• ••• 41 Vacation892 @ 25% 75

  かん国 · が · こと · たい · たかった · たく · だんだん · つもり · て · で · なり · り · アイヌ · オーストラリア · カナダ · スペイン · チケット · ドイツ · パスポート · フランス · ロシア · 便利 · 台湾 · 国 · 外国 · 大きく · 小さく · 後 · 旅館 · 海外 · 行った · 見た · 語 · 辺 · 韓国
  35 words

  Desire

  Desiring Objects

  Earlier in this course, you learned how to express that you want a certain object using the adjective 欲しい。欲しい literally means "desirable," but it's used like "want" or "want to have" in English. Because it behaves like other Japanese い-adjectives, however, you are free to add です on the end of the adjective to make the sentence more polite.

  Japanese	English
  りんごが欲しい。	I want an apple.
  バナナが欲しいです。	I want a banana.

  Desiring Actions

  This lesson introduces how to express that you want to perform a certain action. This is done with a form of the 〜たい ending, which turns any verb into an adjective. You take the 〜ます form of the verb, add the 〜たい or 〜たいです ending, and you can express that you want to do something.

  Japanese	English
  りんごを買いたい。	I want to buy an apple.
  バナナを買いたいです。	I want to buy a banana.

  Keep in mind that since both 欲しい and 〜たい are adjectives, they behave like adjectives in other ways, including in the formation of the negative tense, past tense, and negative-past tense.

  Japanese	English
  りんごを買いたい。	I want to buy an apple.
  りんごを買いたくない。	I do not want to buy an apple.
  りんごを買いたかった。	I wanted to buy an apple.
  りんごを買いたくなかった。	I did not want to buy an apple.

  Remember, just like with other い-adjectives, one can attach the です copula to any of the four sentences above to make the statement more polite.

• ••• 41 Classroom 2842 @ 25% 75

  かえさないで · かえし · かえして · かえす · かさないで · かし · かして · かす · かり · かりて · かりないで · かりる · さくぶん · ざっし · じょうぎ · と · とらないで · とる · ならばないで · ならび · ぶんしょう · わたし · クラス · ペン · 問題 · 教室 · 本 · 知って · 知り · 答え · 答えて · 簡単 · 見せ · 見せて · 言い · 言って · 質問 · 鉛筆
  38 words

  He said, she said!

  When you are quoting what someone said or telling someone what something is called, you would use the particle 〜と. You can think of 〜と kind of like quotation marks in English, with the phrase coming before 〜と being the phrase that would be in quotes. Since there's no opening quotation mark like there would be with a quote in English, though, you sometimes have to figure out from context which words are being quoted.

  Japanese	English
  彼はいいえと言いました。	He said "No."

  Be careful, because using the wrong particle can sometimes greatly change the meaning of your sentence.

  Japanese	English
  ジョンと呼んでください。	Please call me "John."
  ジョンを呼んでください。	Please call John.

  Counting Long Things

  〜本 (ほん) is another Japanese counter word, and it is used to count long, cylindrical things like pens and pencils. Be careful, because the pronunciation of 〜本 also changes depending on the number before it!

  Kanji	Reading	Meaning
  一本	いっぽん (ippon)	one (long, cylindrical thing)
  二本	にほん (nihon)	two (long, cylindrical things)
  三本	さんぼん (sanbon)	three (long, cylindrical things)
  四本	よんほん (yonhon)	four (long, cylindrical things)
  五本	ごほん (gohon)	five (long, cylindrical things)
  六本	ろっぽん (roppon)	six (long, cylindrical things)
  七本	ななほん (nanahon)	seven (long, cylindrical things)
  八本	はっぽん (happon)	eight (long, cylindrical things)
  九本	きゅうほん (kyuuhon)	nine (long, cylindrical things)
  十本	じゅっぽん (juppon)	ten (long, cylindrical things)

• ••• 41 Hobby 3872 @ 25% 75

  うたう · およぐ · じょうず · する · たのみ · たぶん · だ · とる · はしる · ひく · へた · やきゅう · アニメ · カラオケ · サッカー · テニス · ボール · マンガ · 上手 · 下手 · 多分 · 字 · 思い · 来る · 歌う · 泳ぐ · 行く · 見る · 読む · 走る · 野球 · 頼み
  32 words

  The Plain Form

  We use the "plain," "short" or "dictionary" form first and foremost to express the present or future tense in a casual conversation, such as between friends. We also use it to express these tenses in certain other situations before the end of a sentence.

  Without exception, all plain form verbs end in a [u] sound. In the examples below, see how the plain form endings correlate with the construction of the て-form.

  English	Kanji	Plain Form	て-Form
  eat	食べる	たべる	たべて
  give	-	あげる	あげて
  read	読む	よむ	よんで
  fly	飛ぶ	とぶ	とんで
  buy	買う	かう	かって
  use	使う	つかう	つかって

  Nominalizing Verbs with the Plain Form + の

  You can use the construction ～のがすきです to talk about things you like doing. In the example below, およぐ (swim) is the plain form of verb およぎます。When you add の to the plain form, the translation becomes either “to swim” or “swimming”. The sentence ends with ～がすきです、which means "I like."
  

  • Therefore, およぐのが好きです means "I like swimming" or "I like to swim."

  Remember that you can add additional information to any sentence to provide more context.

  • For example, うみでおよぐのが好きです means "I like swimming in the ocean."

  Below is a table of sample sentences that model this construction.

  Object	Verb	の	が	Adverb	です
  	はしる	の	が	はやい	です
  	およぐ	の	が	上手	です
  テニスを	する	の	が	下手	です
  アニメを	見る	の	が	好き	です

  • はしるのがはやいです means "My running is fast" or "I run fast."
  • およぐのが上手です means "Your swimming is skilled" or "you are good at swimming."
  • テニスをするのが下手です means "My tennis playing is poor" or "I am bad at playing tennis."
  • アニメを見るのが好きです means "I like watching anime" or "I like to watch anime."
• ••• 41 Shopping 2862 @ 25% 75

  あめ · いちばん · うわぎ · おかし · かなり · きて · ぎゅうにく · しめ · しめて · せびろ · とりにく · の · はらい · はらって · ぶたにく · ほう · もっと · や · ようふく · より · キロ · グラム · ダイヤモンド · ネクタイ · ハンカチ · バター · 上着 · 少々 · 洋服 · 牛肉 · 着て · 背広 · 袋 · 豚肉 · 鶏肉
  35 words

  This lesson introduces the very fundamentals of 敬語・けいご、also known as "respect language," as applied to verbs. Believe it or not, you've already learned some respect language, such as in the phrases "お元気ですか？" or "おねがいします！" Just like those phrases, the extra-polite constructions we introduce in this chapter also begin with お。

  We learned from earlier lessons that the most common way of asking someone to do something is with the て-form, often followed by ください。

  Japanese	English
  待ってください。	Please wait. (ordinary form)

  To make the request extremely humble and polite, we take the stem of the verb from its 〜ます form and add an お〜 prefix. It's as simple as that. Although you are unlikely to use this form on a brief trip to Japan, you are certain to hear it from shopkeepers and restaurant employees.

  Japanese	English
  お待ちください。	Please wait. (ultra-polite form)

• ••• 41 Object861 @ 25% 75

  あつい · あつく · うすい · うすく · おいて · おき · おし · おして · かみ · きって · きって · きり · すい · すって · せっけん · つかって · なくし · はこ · はって · はり · ふうとう · ふとい · ほそい · まるい · わすれ · カギ · カップ · タバコ · ハガキ · ボタン · ポケット · 使って · 石鹸 · 箱 · 紙
  35 words

  Thin and Thick

  Just like counter words, different adjectives are sometimes used depending on the objects being described. When you are talking about something being "thin," you would use a different adjective depending on the shape of the object being described.

  Japanese	English
  細い (ほそい)	thin (for long, cylindrical things)
  薄い (うすい)	thin (for flat things)

  There are also multiple words meaning "thick," and their usage differs based on the shape of the object being described, too.

  Japanese	English
  太い (ふとい)	thick (for long, cylindrical things)
  厚い (あつい)	thick (for flat things)

  Is it thick or is it hot?

  Remember, kanji matters! Although the three words below have the same reading, the meaning completely changes if you select the wrong kanji!

  Japanese	English
  厚い (あつい)	thick (for flat things)
  暑い (あつい)	hot (weather)
  熱い (あつい)	hot (object)

• ••• 41 Feeling221 @ 25% 75

  あい · いや · おもしろい · おもしろかった · おもしろく · こまって · こまり · こわい · こわかった · こわく · たいへん · たのしい · たのしかった · たのしく · つかれ · つかれて · ひま · わかって · わかり
  19 words

  Past-Tense い-Adjectives

  To turn an い-adjective from the present to the past tense, you remove the い-ending and replace with かった. Adding a です at the end will turn it into the polite form. See the example below.

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしいです。	This is delicious.
  これはおいしかったです。	This was delicious.

  Just like with the other forms of the い-adjectives, you're allowed to drop the です ending in casual conversation.

  Sentence	Translation
  これはおいしかった。	This was delicious.

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  あいて · あき · あちら · あぶない · あぶなかった · うんてんしゅ · おてあらい · か · かいだん · きっぷ · げんかん · こうばん · しまって · しまり · しんかんせん · じどうしゃ · そちら · そば · ちかく · でも · と · ところ · としょかん · とまって · とまり · どうやって · どちら · はし · はじめに · まち · むら · もん · ゆうびんきょく · ろう下 · アパート · エレベーター · 入り · 出 · 出口 · 切符 · 北 · 南 · 図書館 · 大きな · 小さな · 廊下 · 戸 · 村 · 東 · 橋 · 玄関 · 自動車 · 西 · 近く · 運転手 · 門 · 階 · 階段
  58 words

  Big and Small

  There a few adjectives that have both an -い and a -な adjective form. With these adjectives, it is common to use the -な adjective form when the adjective comes before the noun it is modifying. "Big" and "small" are two such adjectives.

  -い adjective	-な adjective	Meaning
  大きい (おおきい)	大きな (おおきな)	big, large
  小さい (ちいさい)	小さな (ちいさな)	small

  Japanese	English
  その銀行は大きいです。	That bank is big.
  それは大きな銀行です。	That is a big bank.

  Big or Wide?

  The word 広い (ひろい) means "wide" and 狭い (せまい) means "narrow," but these words are often used in Japanese in situations in which we'd use the words "big" or "small" in English. For instance, when you're describing the internal area of a room as "large," you usually use the word 広い rather than 大きい . 広い is sometimes also translated as "spacious."

  Japanese	English
  この病院は広いです。	This hospital is spacious. (large inside)
  この部屋は狭いです。	This room is small. (narrow inside)

  Where?

  Japanese has different levels of formality, and sometimes there are different words with the same meaning that differ by formality level. You'll encounter some of them in this skill.

  Casual	Formal	Meaning
  こっち	こちら	here, this way (close to the speaker)
  そっち	そちら	there, that way (close to the listener)
  あっち	あちら	over there, over that way (far from both the listener and the speaker)
  どっち	どちら	where?, which direction?

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  いけ · いみ · いろえんぴつ · えんぴつ · おぼえ · おぼえて · おわって · おわり · かんじ · かんたん · きょうかしょ · きょうしつ · こたえ · こたえて · ことば · さあ · しって · しつもん · しゅくだい · しり · じしょ · じゅぎょう · はじまって · はじまり · ひいて · ひき · むずかしい · むずかしく · もう · もんだい · やさしい · やさしく · テスト · 宿題 · 意味 · 授業 · 教科書 · 漢字 · 見て · 言葉 · 辞書
  41 words

  て-Form

  We will now take a look at three more purposes for the て-form of verbs.

  Ongoing Actions

  ～て / 〜で + います is used for actions in progress.

  • よんでいます means "I am reading."

  We also use this construction for ongoing actions that would ordinarily use the present perfect construction in English.

  • 映画ははじまっています means "The movie has begun."

  ～て / 〜で + いません is the corresponding negative construction.

  • よんでいません means "I am not reading."

  English	Short Form	Polite Form	Ongoing Action
  do	する	します	しています
  read	よむ	よみます	よんでいます
  eat	たべる	たべます	たべています
  drink	のむ	のみます	のんでいます

  Prohibitions

  ～て + は + いけません is used when telling someone that they must not or should not do something.

  • よんではいけません means "you must not read."

  • あの本をよんではいけません means "you must not read that book."

  English	Short Form	Polite Form	Prohibition
  do	する	します	してはいけません
  read	よむ	よみます	よんではいけません
  eat	たべる	たべます	たべてはいけません
  drink	のむ	のみます	のんではいけません

  Linking Sentences

  We already learned the words と and や that mean "and" when combining nouns. Instead of those words, we use the て-form to link verbs together in Japanese sentences.

  • ドアを閉めて窓を開きます means " I will close the door and open the window."

  • りんごを食べて水を飲みました means "I ate the apple and drank the water."

  For the examples above, notice how the て-form is used for the first verb regardless of the tense of the overall sentence. Only the final verb indicates the tense in this construction.

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  いけ · うみ · およいで · かさ · こえ · さし · さして · しずか · とび · とんで · どうぶつ · ないて · なき · のぼって · のぼり · はれて · ひき · びき · ぴき · 木 · 花びん
  21 words

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  あけ · あけて · あび · あびて · おととい · かえって · かえり · けいたい · して · しめ · しめて · すぐに · すわって · すわり · せんたく · そうじ · それから · たち · たって · つけ · つけて · つとめ · つとめて · のんで · まち · まって · もって · ゆっくり · シャワー · 台 · 平日 · 持って · 掃除 · 携帯 · 書いて · 洗濯 · 話 · 読んで · 週末 · 電気 · 食べて · 飲んで
  42 words

  て-Form

  The て-form or で-form of a verb is a very important grammatical construct in Japanese that is used in several contexts.

  Requests

  ～て / 〜で + ください is used for requests. It means "please + [verb]"

  • よんでください means "please read."

  You can also attach nouns to these requests to get more specific.

  • 本をよんでください means "please read the book."

  English	Short Form	Polite Form	Request
  do	する	します	してください
  read	よむ	よみます	よんでください
  turn on	つける	つけます	つけてください
  close	しめる	しめます	しめてください
  open	あける	あけます	あけてください

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  いしゃ · おおぜい · かっこいい · かてい · かのじょ · かれし · がくせい · けっこん · しに · すこし · せんせい · そふ · そぼ · です · です · です · です · なくなり · ひと · べんごし · みなさん · みんな · やさしい · ゆうめい · よび · よんで · りっぱ · わかい · わかれ · 亡くなり · 似て · 別れ · 大人 · 大勢 · 少し · 彼女 · 彼氏 · 有名 · 死に · 独身 · 祖母 · 祖父 · 立派 · 結婚 · 離婚
  45 words

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  あげ · いり · いろ · いろいろ · うでどけい · うり · おなじ · おもい · おもく · お金 · かいもの · かるい · かるく · かわいい · かわいく · きたない · きたなく · きれい · こんな · さいふ · じょうぶ · たいせつ · ちがう · とけい · どんな · な · にとって · にもつ · ほか · もち · もの · もらい · カバン · 丈夫 · 入れ · 出し · 同じ · 売り · 大切 · 大好き · 屋 · 持ち · 時計 · 腕時計 · 色 · 花 · 荷物 · 要り · 財布 · 買い物 · 違う
  51 words

  な-Adjectives

  This lesson teaches the first な-adjective in the course, きれい、meaning "pretty" or "clean." Although it looks like an い-adjective, it belongs to the な-adjective category.

  な-adjectives are nominal adjectives that have been imported from other countries over centuries, mainly from China. There is no pattern as to what they look like, aside from the fact they're not likely to end in an い。Remember that きれい is an exception. See how they operate using the example of きれい below.

  Sentence	Translation
  これはきれいです。	This is pretty.

  Note that な-adjectives typically do not drop the です ending in a construction like the one above.
  

  When placed before a noun, a な-adjective adds a characteristic な between the adjective and the noun that follows.

  Sentence	Translation
  きれいな花です。	It is a pretty flower.

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  おととし · おめでとう · きょ年 · さ来年 · たんじょう日 · ヶ月 · 一日 · 一昨年 · 七日 · 三日 · 九日 · 二十日 · 二日 · 五日 · 今年 · 休み · 八日 · 六日 · 再来年 · 出かけ · 十日 · 去年 · 四日 · 年 · 日 · 曜日 · 月 · 来年 · 毎あさ · 毎ばん · 毎年 · 毎晩 · 毎月 · 毎朝 · 毎週 · 週間
  36 words

  Japanese Counting Words

  The Japanese language uses special counting words to count things, actions, and events. Below is a table for 日、the counting word introduced in this lesson. 日 is the counter for days.

  Number	Form of 日
  １・一・いち	一日・ついたち
  ２・二・に	二日・ふつか
  ３・三・さん	三日・みっか
  ４・四・よん	四日・よっか
  ５・五・ご	五日・いつか
  ６・六・ろく	六日・むいか
  ７・七・なな	七日・なのか
  ８・八・はち	八日・ようか
  ９・九・きゅう	九日・ここのか
  １０・十・じゅう	十日・とおか
  ２０・二十・にじゅう	二十日・はつか

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  おり · かど · ぎんこう · こうさてん · すすみ · せまい · たてもの · つぎ · とおり · ひろい · びょういん · まがり · みせ · みち · むこう · 入り口 · 向こう · 店 · 建物 · 曲がり · 次 · 狭い · 病院 · 角 · 通り · 進み · 道 · 銀行
  28 words

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  いかが · おいしく · おおい · おおく · おさけ · おさら · おなか · おはし · おべんとう · ぎゅうにゅう · くだもの · けっこう · こうちゃ · さとう · しお · しょうゆ · すくない · すくなく · すし · ぜんぜん · ぜんぶ · たいへん · ちゃわん · とても · のみもの · ほんとう · まったく · ゆうはん · カフェ · コーヒー · ジュース · ミント · 全然 · 全部 · 塩 · 夕飯 · 多く · 果物 · 牛乳 · 紅茶 · 結構 · 食べもの · 食べ物 · 飲み物
  44 words

  Very, quite, or not at all!

  In this skill, you will encounter words that can modify the severity of your sentences. 

  全然 (ぜんぜん) and  全く (まったく) can both be used with negative sentences to mean "not at all."

  Japanese	English
  この野菜は全然おいしくないです。	These vegetables are not delicious at all.
  牛乳はまったく多くないです。	There is not much milk at all.

  とても and  大変 (たいへん) can both be used in affirmative sentences to mean "very."

  Japanese	English
  このラーメンはとてもおいしいです。	This ramen is very tasty.
  大変おいしいです。	It is very tasty.

  結構 (けっこう) can be used in affirmative sentences to mean "quite."

  Japanese	English
  塩が結構多いですね。	There is quite a lot of salt, isn't there?

  A Small Amount

  少ない (すくない) is an adjective that means “few” or “not much.” Be careful – although the word ends in -ない, it isn’t the negative form of the adjective! The negative form of 少ない is actually 少なくない (すくなくない). That’s a mouthful!

  Japanese	English
  カレーが少ないです。	There is not much curry.

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  あき · あたらしく · あらい · き · きいろい · くつ · くろい · なつ · ぬぎ · はき · はる · ふく · ふゆ · ふるく · ほしい · ほしく · ぼうし · みじかく · みどりいろ · むらさきいろ · やすく · オレンジいろ · ピンクいろ · 赤い
  24 words

  Wearing Clothing

  Japanese has many translations for the English words "to wear" or "to put on," depending on where on the body the clothes are worn. Below are some examples taught in this lesson.

  Japanese	Notes
  着ます (きます)	wear, on the whole body or upper body
  被ります (かぶります)	wear, on the head
  履きます (はきます)	wear, on the lower body